新汇改以来我国货币政策汇率传导效应实证分析

利用新汇改以来的中国经济数据,采用H-P滤波技术和VAR模型等方法对中国货币政策汇率传导效应进行实证分析,得出:货币政策调控与人民币汇率间存在长期协整关系,但协整关联度很低且因果关系倒置,货币政策调控不足以引致人民币汇率相应变动;人民币汇率对各变量的冲击响应时滞平均为6-8个月.     

人民币汇率波动与货币政策调控——基于新凯恩斯垄断竞争模型框架的理论分析与实证

本文首先在新凯恩斯垄断竞争模型框架基础上,建立了开放经济条件下动态随机一般均衡理论模型,通过对模型参数的校准、冲击因素脉冲影响的识别,较为详细地考察了国内货币政策、人民币汇率之间的动态关系及其对我国宏观经济稳定的影响。结果表明,货币政策调控和汇率波动都会对产出、通货膨胀产生明显的冲击效应,同时货币政策与汇率波动之间也存在着显著作用。而后,基于均值与波动方程的相关计量模型表明,我国货币政策与人民币汇率之间存在显著的均值与波动溢出效应。考虑到我国金融自由化的不断深入,资本逐步对外开放,中国金融市场与国际金融市场之间联系更加密切,在存在升值预期的时候,单一的货币政策或是汇率政策无法实现经济均衡增长,也没有办法使人民币稳定升值。因此,应当进一步推进我国利率市场化进程,完善人民币汇率形成机制。这对于协调好汇率与货币政策之间关系,维护宏观经济、汇率稳定和货币政策独立性具有十分重要的意义。     

人民币国际化的成本

正人民币走出去有收益,就会有成本。人民币国际化会引发货币需求和汇率的波动,对中国经济的增长、金融系统的稳定性产生冲击。1.人民币国际化会增加中央银行货币政策调控的难度。根据"三元悖论"的观点:货币政策的有效性同资本的国际自由流动和汇率的稳定性无法同时满足,人民币国际化会增加中央银行货币政策调控的难度,本币的国际需求使货币需求和供给都变得复杂,从而可能使货币政策操     

房价“粘性”、系统性金融风险与宏观经济波动——基于内生化系统性风险的DSGE模型

面对处于高位的房地产市场,我国政府开启了新一轮严苛的房地产市场调控,然而房价却出现下行困难的高价格粘性局面,使得我国金融与宏观经济稳定受到威胁.本文构建了包含房地产部门的系统性金融风险内生化DSGE模型,分别考察了在不同房价粘性下,杠杆率等金融变量和宏观经济变量在面对不同外生冲击时的动态响应.研究结果表明:技术冲击使房价、产出和通货膨胀等宏观变量呈现正向响应,使系统性金融风险和风险溢价呈现负向响应;紧缩的货币政策冲击使房价和产出等宏观经济变量下降,杠杆率和系统性金融风险水平上升.此外,不同的房价粘性情况下,金融变量和宏观经济变量对外生冲击的响应程度存在差异.高房价粘性情况下偏离稳态的幅度较小,同时高房价粘性的存在会影响货币政策对房地产市场的调控效果.本文研究结论对我国房地产市场有效调控和降低系统性金融风险、实现我国宏观经济稳定具有重要政策启示.     

汇率传递、宏观经济冲击对我国物价水平影响的实证分析

从实证的角度研究中国的汇率传递及宏观经济冲击和货币政策冲击相关因素对物价水平的影响.结合中国实际情况,在原有研究的基础上改进了一个包括所有这些相关变量的VAR模型.通过脉冲响应函数和方差分解的方法,我们发现,供给和需求冲击是物价水平波动的最主要原因,汇率和货币政策冲击在物价波动过程的作用并不明显,这与已有的研究结果有很大的不同,这表明仅仅依靠货币政策并不能降低当前的高物价水平.     

资本项目开放、汇率政策对宏观经济与社会福利的影响——基于一般均衡的视角

本文基于新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡框架,建立包含资本项目部分管制、汇率不完全传导和工资价格粘性等符合我国经济运行特征的模型框架,详细考察资本项目开放、汇率政策对宏观经济与社会福利的影响。数值模拟结果表明:加强资本项目或汇率管制能够减少汇率波动的冲击效应,提高货币政策对产出、通货膨胀的影响力度,总体上有利于宏观经济的稳定运行;适度的资本项目与汇率管制在当前有助于提升社会福利。考虑到我国经济和金融发展水平,我国应当保持适当的资本项目管制,审慎推进资本项目开放,同时进一步增加人民币汇率弹性,使人民币汇率及早调整至合理的均衡区间,通过主动扩大双向浮动区间,改变升值预期,有效缓解和应对未来美元波动带来的冲击,也为短期内改善我国出口贸易环境、长期内实现产业升级创造有利条件。     

我国货币政策与人民币汇率的互动关系研究

基于SVAR模型研究我国货币政策与人民币汇率的相互作用关系,发现我国货币政策对汇率冲击的反应具有逆经济风向的操作特征,汇率升值,货币政策扩张;而人民币汇率对货币政策冲击的反应也符合经济理论,货币政策扩张会引起人民币汇率贬值。同时,在货币供应量作为货币政策变量时,汇率水平的反应表现为经典的超调现象,但在名义利率作为货币政策变量时,汇率的反应曲线则表现为延迟的超调现象。总体上,我国货币政策对人民币汇率变动非常敏感,相反人民币汇率对货币政策的反应相对较弱。     

中国价格货币政策的宏观经济时变效应及工具选择——基于货币政策交互响应视角的分析

新常态以来,中国经济高质量发展对货币政策调控提出了更高要求。文章基于DSGE模型和SV-TVPFAVAR模型对中国价格型货币政策的宏观经济效应进行理论模拟与计量检验,进一步分析数量型货币政策冲击下价格型货币政策的宏观经济效应。结果发现:价格型货币政策具有产出和通货膨胀效应,冲击极值、效应维度、收敛性与政策工具选择有关;数量型货币政策对不同代理变量下的价格型货币政策冲击效果存在差异,7天期同业拆借利率为数量型货币政策冲击下最优价格型货币政策代理变量。货币政策当局充分利用数量型货币政策和价格型货币政策之间的"同频共振"效应,构建"价主量辅"的货币政策框架体系。     

通货膨胀、汇率波动与货币政策——基于符号约束的贝叶斯VAR模型实证研究

通过构建通货膨胀形成的理论模型,本文运用符号约束的贝叶斯VAR方法探讨通货膨胀和汇率波动对产出增长的影响。结果发现：实际利率对通货膨胀和人民币升值冲击均有较大的响应,且受通货膨胀的影响更大,即稳定价格的货币政策比稳定汇率的政策更加有效;通货膨胀冲击下,实际利率在长期有所上升,但并未达到控制通货膨胀的效果,实际利率偏低阻碍了货币政策效果的发挥;人民币升值对产出增长具有较大的负面影响,对通货膨胀具有负向）中击,但由于油价上涨的原因,人民币升值并没有降低通货膨胀水平。     

中国近二十年货币政策的轨迹:价格规则还是数量规则

我国宏观经济在过去的20年高增长和高波动并存,2000年后波动有所减弱。文章利用1992-2011年的宏观经济数据,实证检验了货币政策的价格规则和数量规则。研究发现,汇率在货币政策规则中反应不显著,数量规则对产出和通胀的反应比价格规则更显著;2000年前后货币规则发生了结构性变化,货币政策对通胀的反应具有动态时变特征;数量规则比价格规则对产出和通胀的调控更有效。     

Oil shocks and monetary policy rules in emerging economies

We examine the effects of shocks in the oil market on key macroeconomic variables in small open economies using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with sticky prices and imperfect competition under different monetary policy rules. The numerical solutions show that the types of exchange rate regimes and monetary policies could partly explain the trends in macroeconomic volatilities considering negative shocks to oil supply (Hamilton, 1983) and positive shocks to oil demand (Kilian, 2009). These findings are confirmed in vector autoregressive responses for Chile and Israel with inflation targeting under flexible exchange regimes and Hong Kong with fixed regime.     

人民币汇率波动对宏观经济运行影响的实证分析

笔者采用SVAR方法实证1995年1月至2011年2月人民币汇率波动对宏观经济运行的影响,并论证了汇率冲击的动态传导机制,得出了如下结论:人民币升值总体上不利于净出口和实际产出的增长,并导致在近期和将来货币供应量的不断增长,人民币的升值总体上有利于控制通货膨胀。     

Asymmetric effects of monetary policy shocks on economic performance: empirical evidence from Turkey

This study investigates the asymmetric effects of monetary policy shocks on the macroeconomic variables of exchange rate, output and inflation for an emerging economy ? Turkey ? by using monthly data between 1990 and 2014. We employ the innovative nonlinear vector autoregressive model of Kilian and Vigfusson (2011), which allows us to observe the effect of different stances (tight or loose) and different sizes (small or large) of monetary policy actions. Our empirical evidence reveals that tight monetary policy, which, in this case, is captured with a positive shock to interest rate, decreases exchange rate, output and prices, as economic theory suggests. Loose monetary policy, which is captured with a negative shock to interest rate, has the opposite effect on these variables. However, the effects of loose monetary policy are weaker than the effects of tight monetary policy because loose monetary policy shocks are less effective than tight monetary policy shocks. Moreover, as the magnitude of a shock increases, the difference between the effects of tight and loose monetary policy policies also increases.     

油价冲击、货币政策调整与产出波动——基于中国的经验证据

本文基于我国2001-2010年宏观经济月度数据,采用SVAR模型分析了国际油价波动时,央行货币政策在排除回应油价干扰与未排除干扰下的反应差异及油价波动对产出的影响。研究发现,在排除货币政策回应油价波动干扰后,通过脉冲响应函数反映的油价波动对产出的短期负面影响消失。方差分解结果显示,长期内产出波动由油价冲击和货币政策解释的比例分别为5716%和32480%,比排除干扰前分别下降了2569%和4560%。这说明我国油价冲击带来的经济衰退主要是因为货币政策及其回应油价冲击紧缩所致。此外,面对油价的短期冲击,CPI指数并未随着生产者购进价格指数上升而上升,产出也未发生明显的衰减;但在较长时间内,油价上升会因为相对价格的改变,而影响CPI水平和货币政策,从而对产出产生显著的负面影响。     

Macroeconomic dynamics in Macedonia and Slovakia: Structural estimation and comparison

This paper estimates a structural macroeconomic model using data for Macedonia and Slovakia to characterize possible challenges Macedonia can face concerning macroeconomic stabilization during its transition process. A comparison of the estimated model parameters suggests that, in Slovakia, the output gap is less sensitive to real interest rate movements and prices experience greater inertia. The estimated monetary policy reaction functions show Macedonia and Slovakia as inflation targeters, with Macedonia as the more conservative one, despite its officially applied exchange rate targeting regime. The differences in the estimated parameters imply differing transmission mechanisms for Macedonia and Slovakia. Consequently, the variance of domestic variables in Slovakia is most influenced by monetary policy shocks, while there is no single dominating shock explaining the volatility of Macedonia's macroeconomic variables. The exchange rate shock, the monetary policy shock and the demand shock are jointly important in determining the volatility of Macedonia's variables. The model simulations indicate that Macedonia experiences lower output gap and inflation volatility than Slovakia. This comes, nevertheless, at the cost of higher interest rate and real exchange rate volatility in Macedonia, which could be an indication of more volatile financial markets with possible negative implications for financial stability.     

The Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks in Bangladesh: A Bayesian Structural VAR Approach

This paper develops a Bayesian structural VAR model for Bangladesh in a small-open-economy context in order to estimate the effects of monetary policy shocks on various macroeconomic variables. To increase the precision of the model identification, we allow the macroeconomic variables of the model to interact simultaneously with each other. This paper finds that the liquidity effect and the exchange-rate effect of the monetary policy shock are realized immediately, while industrial production responds with a lag of over half a year, and the inflation rate responds with a lag of more than one year. I also find that monetary policy shocks are not the dominant source of industrial production fluctuations in Bangladesh.     

Monetary policy and commodity terms of trade shocks in emerging market economies

Commodity terms of trade shocks have continued to drive macroeconomic fluctuations in most emerging market economies. The volatility and persistence of these shocks have posed great challenges for monetary policy. This study employs a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to evaluate the optimal monetary policy responses to commodity terms of trade shocks in commodity dependent emerging market economies. The model is calibrated to the South African economy. The study shows that CPI inflation targeting performs relatively better than exchange rate targeting and non-traded inflation targeting both in terms of reducing macroeconomic volatility and reducing the losses of a non-benevolent central bank. However, macroeconomic stabilisation comes at a cost of increased exchange rate volatility. The results suggest that the appropriate response to commodity induced exogenous shocks is to target CPI inflation.     

Monetary and Fiscal Stabilization of Demand Shocks Within Europe

This paper examines alternative macroeconomic stabilization rules for demand shocks, for a single open economy, and for an integrated European region. These questions are tackled in two ways. First a very simple macroeconomic model is used to focus on intercountry interconnections. Then the effects of shocks are simulated using the McKibbin Sachs MSG2 global economic model. The theoretical model analyzes just how much larger the disturbances caused by asymmetric shocks might be in a European Monetary Union, as compared with outcomes under floating exchange rates, especially (1) if rigid central monitoring and discipline of the fiscal policy prevents the full operation of the inbuilt fiscal stabilizers within individual European countries, and (2) if European monetary policy does not concern itself with fully European objectives. Simulations with the MSG2 model bear out the significance of these risks. They show that a demand shock like GEMU can have strongly negative effects on output in other European countries if either interest rates are raised to counter the demand shock in the originating country, or if, for some reason, fiscal stabilization is not allowed to be as strong as the inbuilt fiscal stabilizers.     

Asymmetric responses of money demand to oil price shocks in Saudi Arabia: a non-linear ARDL approach

Saudi Arabia is an open oil-based economy with fixed exchange rates; therefore, it has limited monetary policy autonomy. Using non-linear autoregressive distributed lag approach, this article investigates the asymmetric effects of oil price shocks on the demand of money in Saudi Arabia over the period 1990:Q1–2014:Q4. The empirical results show evidence of positive long run but asymmetric effects of oil price shocks on the money demand. In particular, we find that the positive oil price shocks are more important than negative shocks. Therefore, two policy responses can be considered: either sustaining the fixed exchange rate regime and following an economic diversification policy or switching towards a flexible exchange rate regime to achieve price stability. In that case, the existence of a stable money demand function in Saudi Arabia is a necessary precondition for adopting a monetary policy strategy targeted to price stability using instruments like money targeting.