Social status,human capital formation and the long-run effects of money

This study examines the effects of monetary policy in a two-sector cash-in-advance economy of human capital accumulation. Agents concern about their social status represented by the relative physical capital and relative human capital. We find that if the desire for social status depends only on relative physical capital, money is superneutral in the growth-rate sense. However, if the desire for social status depends on relative human capital, the money growth rate will have a positive effect on the long-run economic growth rate. Furthermore, an increase in the desire to pursue human capital will raise the long-run growth rate, but an increase in the desire to pursue physical capital will lower it.     

健康人力资本与经济增长的均衡分析

按照新经济增长理论观点，当生产函数中加入人力资本和技术水平后会导致各国家和各地区的经济增长呈现差异，并且随着时间的推移将会不断扩大[1]。基于健康人力资本层面，着力研究健康是如何影响经济增长以及所产生的地区经济差异。在总结前人已有的模型基础上，通过在健康生产函数中加入私人健康支出这一变量来构建一个RCK增长模型，结果表明，物质生产函数和健康生产函数的不同类型直接决定着模型的动态结果，在某些情况下经济存在多重均衡，在某些情况下存在着唯一的均衡，在另一些情况下存在极限环。这有助于从理论上来解释现实经济当中所存在的地区经济差异现象。在实证部分对健康投资进行了细分，结果表明我国正处在由传统的“物质资本驱动型经济”向“人力资本驱动型经济”转型时期，在转型过程中应进一步释放私人健康投资的活力。     

区域创业、空间溢出与经济增长效应研究

利用我国2005—2017年省级面板数据，基于不同类型空间权重矩阵，通过建立空间杜宾模型，研究创业水平与区域经济增长效应。结果发现: 我国区域经济水平呈现出显著的空间自相关性；机会型创业质量提高对区域经济增长具有显著拉动作用，会促进该区域内部及创业水平相近区域的经济增长，但可能抑制地理位置邻近区域的经济增长；需求型创业在一定程度上制约区域经济发展，可能抑制该区域内部经济增长，但会促进地理位置邻近区域的经济增长；在控制变量中，人力资本存量对经济增长的促进作用最强，溢出效应最大。     

人力资本对经济增长推动作用研究

人力资本作为一种潜在的资本能量,在与物资资本相结合的生产过程中,价值创造功能会逐渐的显现出来。但在各国实际的经济发展过程中,人力资本发挥作用的物质载体有很大差异,因此这种能量的发挥也会受到具体条件的限制。本文从理论与实证的角度梳理了部分学者关于人力资本对经济增长推动作用的研究。理论上,人力资本通过非知识效应、收入效应、替代效应以及外部效应等相关作用机制对经济增长会起到推动作用,这得到了大家的一致认同;实证分析研究中,由于学者采用的人力资本存量计量方法的不同,结论也不尽相同;而学者在对我国经济增长的实证研究中显示,人力资本对我国经济增长的推动作用不足。     

Human capital and economic growth in Spanish regions

Modern economic growth theory has emphasized on the human capital effects on economic growth. In this case, the externalities from a better education could enhance economic growth process and facilitate the progress in different regional areas. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of human capital on economic growth process by taking into account the case of Spanish regions. The authors examine whether a better education process and social capital can improve the economic growth process in such area and if it can explain the differences in per capita GDP existing in those regions. The paper uses data from Spanish Statistical Institute and from different institutes of the European Union. The Castilla La Mancha Regional Government has provided financial support for the Project PDI-02-025.     

Economic development, growth of human capital, and the dynamics of the wage structure

In this paper I elucidate the sources of growth of human capital in the course of economic development. On the supply side (Section 1) I include the growth of family income, urbanization, the demographic transition, and the rising cost of time.The supply side alone cannot explain the continuous growth of human capital as it implies a self limiting decline in rates of return below those in alternative investments. Such declines are offset by growing demands for human capital in the labor market. Growth of demand for labor skills is a function of capital accumulation and of technological changes. Evidence on this hypothesis is summarized in Section 2 and on supply responses to growing demand for human capital in Section 3. Changes in the skill and wage structures in the labor market are an important part of the evidence.The reciprocal relation between economic growth and the growth of human capital is likely to be an important key to sustained economic growth. A caveat applies to indirect effects of economic growth on family instability, which may lead to a deterioration of childhood human capital in some sectors of society.     

西部地区经济增长与人力资本研究

经济增长的初期,固定资本和劳动力对经济增长的作用比较显著,而到了经济发展的中后期,人力资本的作用逐渐体现出来。我国西部地区在1980-2007年经历了两个发展阶段,这两个阶段的转折点是1996年,转折的一个根本因素是人力资本。经济发展阶段和人力资本积累阶段是相对应的,人力资本正逐步成为经济增长的主要动力。因此,西部地区必须采取适度超前的政策措施,不断提高科技水平,加快人力资本积累的步伐,才能保持经济持续增长。     

人力资本、空间溢出与经济增长——基于空间面板数据模型的经验分析

基于中国29个省区1990—2006年的面板数据,本文采用最新发展的空间计量分析方法考察人力资本与经济增长的关系。研究发现:(1)我国人力资本和经济增长表现出鲜明的空间相关性,多数省区位于高-高和低-低类型区;(2)人力资本作为知识和技术进步的载体,对区域经济增长具有较强的空间溢出效应。此外,加入空间因素回归结果表明,我国各省区的经济增长依然呈现鲜明的条件收敛特征。     

人口老龄化、公共人力资本投资与 经济增长*

本文利用内生化老龄化的世代交叠模型,探讨了老龄化社会中为了促进经济增长可选择的公共人力资本投资的最优相对规模和结构。本文研究表明,公共人力资本投资相对规模（即占GDP比例）和公共健康支出占比（即占公共人力资本投资比例）均与经济增长呈倒U型关系,且最优值通过老龄化对经济增长的作用表现出来。即当老龄化对经济增长有促进（抑制）作用时,政府促进经济增长的政策是提高（降低）人力资本投资相对规模和公共健康支出占比。基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究发现,老龄化不利于经济增长,公共人力资本投资相对规模及公共健康支出占比偏大,均处在倒U型曲线的下降阶段,分别通过挤出对经济增长更具促进作用的私人投资、公共物质资本投资和公共教育支出而不利于经济增长。本文的政策含义是,政府需提高公共教育支出占比,引导和鼓励更有效率的社会私人资本进行人力资本投资,以逐步降低公共人力资本投资的相对规模。当前公共物质资本投资则需继续加强。     

产业投资基金真的可以驱动经济结构优化吗——产业基金对经济增长与产业升级驱动程度的PVAR模型分析

在中国经济转型过程中,众多地方政府选择产业投资基金作为优化经济结构的助推工具,但实践中各地方产业基金的投资效果与期望目标存在较大差异,因此需要对产业基金的经济优化效应进行检验。运用诺依曼定理分析产业基金与经济结构优化的互动机制并提出研究假设,采用面板向量自回归模型将经济结构优化表示为经济增长与产业升级,并与产业投资基金进行实证检验。结果表明,产业基金并不是经济结构优化的驱动因素,而只是其结果。一方面,产业基金并不会直接驱动经济增长与产业结构升级,而是通过增加金融投资总量间接作用于经济结构优化;另一方面,产业升级与经济增长会显著吸引产业投资基金。鉴于大量设立产业投资基金对于优化经济结构效果不显著,因而应当重点促进多元金融产业发展、提高企业融资能力、发展多种形式的金融工具。     

Public investment,national debt,and economic growth: The role of debt finance under dynamic inefficiency

Public investment is a central issue in the dynamic analyses of fiscal policy and economic growth. Debt financing for public investment and its effects have recently received great attention because interest rates have been low, almost invariably remaining below economic growth rates. This paper presents examination of the effects of debt-financed public investment subject to a simple fiscal rule in an overlapping generations model with public capital. This topic includes capital budgeting and the debt–deficit criterion of the Maastricht treaty. We show herein that debt financing for public investment enhances economic growth if an economy is dynamically inefficient and if public capital has a sufficiently large productivity effect. Moreover, it reduces economic growth rates in a dynamically efficient economy. Debt and growth can have a monotonic or non-monotonic relation, depending on the steady-state interest rate, growth rate, and productivity effect of public investment. The findings indicate that debt–growth relations match with controversial empirical evidence. Furthermore, existing generations choose perfect debt finance if dynamic inefficiency exists. In contrast, a balanced budget is preferred in a dynamically efficient economy with low productivity effects of public capital. However, an economy with high productivity effects of public capital might cho ose debt financing. This paper contributes to the elucidation of currently emphasized issues of public investment.     

Human Capital Theory and Education Policy in Australia

The human capital model is the basis of neo-classical analysis of labour markets, education and economic growth. However, education policy in Australia has been influenced by models based on screening theory and public choice theory which yield the policy implication that reductions in education spending are generally desirable. In this paper, the competing models, and the evidence supporting them, are surveyed. It is concluded that the human capital model is strongly supported by the available evidence. The predictions of screening models are generally not supported by empirical tests, except where they coincide with those of the human capital model. The main evidence supporting the public choice model, derived from the literature on educational production functions, is shown to be deficient. The principal policy conclusion of the paper is that the negative effects of recent cuts in education spending will outweigh any benefits achieved through reductions in public debt.     

上市公司、资本虹吸与房价的地区差异

鉴于上市公司与房价地区差异的研究鲜见,文章首次从地区层面寻找上市公司影响房价的微观传导路径.研究发现,上市公司从一级市场上融资、内部人在二级市场上减持均会"虹吸"全国资金,增加当地货币资本,进而正向影响房价,即高融资或高减持地区成为"虹吸方";融资虹吸与减持虹吸对房价的影响存在差异,减持虹吸引起财富集聚,对房价的影响更多地由富裕阶层的购房需求所推动,而融资虹吸带来的财富影响比较分散.地区股票市值与房价呈现螺旋增长关系,在股市上涨期间替代效应占主导地位,两者的增长率负相关;而在下跌期间财富效应占主导地位,两者的增长率正相关.文章从企业层面阐释了房价地区差异的金融成因及路径,并试图厘清股票市场与房价的增长结构,为地区经济的协调发展提供了参考.     

基于自然资本的经济增长可持续条件研究

主流经济增长理论对经济增长可持续条件的研究普遍忽视了自然资源的贡献。随着自然资本的耗竭 ,经济增长的决定因素将由人造资本转向自然资本。技术进步必须从节约人造资本转向节约自然资本 ,只有技术进步能够充分提高自然资本的生产率 ,经济增长才会持续下去。当技术进步提高自然资本生产率的机会已经耗尽时 ,经济增长将停止 ,进入稳态。     

Foreign Direct Investment,Female Education,Capital Formation,and Economic Growth in Japan and South Korea

ABSTRACT

The influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) on host country‘s economic growth is a widely explored issues in the existing economic literature. This study attempts to examine the role of foreign direct investment, capital formation, and expansion of female education on economic growth of Japan during the period 1971–2014, using time series observations. The study further makes a comparison regarding the association with FDI and economic growth with South Korea, another major OECD economy of Asia The study utilises the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration to examine the long run causality association among the variables. Today, for sustainable economic development the social and institutional policy issues are important. The paper explores one such social issue, namely gender and economic prosperity. This paper has novel contributions in the current research on time series, econometric analysis for the following reasons: (1) it has investigated the relationship between economic growth, foreign direct investment and capital formation in a gendered differential framework (utilising the role of human capital formation among men versus women; (2) the study covers a long period and more recent time period (till 2014), which concurs with the upsurge of world FDI movements and (3) the study also explores the major structural breaks of the two economies and how economic growth is impacted thereof.     

Short-run and long-run effects of capital taxation on innovation and economic growth

In this study, we examine the effects of capital taxation on innovation and economic growth in an R&D-based growth model. We find that capital taxation has drastically different effects in the short run and in the long run. An increase in the capital income tax rate has both a consumption effect and a tax-shifting effect on the equilibrium growth rates of technology and output. In the short run, the consumption effect dominates the tax-shifting effect causing an initial negative effect of capital taxation on the equilibrium growth rates. However, in the long run, the tax-shifting effect becomes the dominant force yielding an overall positive effect of capital taxation on steady-state economic growth. These contrasting effects of capital taxation at different time horizons may provide a theoretical explanation for the mixed evidence in the empirical literature on capital taxation and economic growth.     

Factors of production,productivity, institutions,and development: Evidence from Brazil

The economic growth and development literature emphasizes that investment in technology and physical and human capital is essential for achieving higher levels of development. Political and economic institutions are also relevant in this process. With a sample of 5,503 Brazilian municipalities, this study carries out a development accounting exercise and measures the effects of institutional quality on per capita gross domestic product (GDP), physical capital intensity, human capital stock, and productivity. The empirical results indicate that institutional quality affects GDP per capita mainly through human capital accumulation and total factor productivity.     

The Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Economic Growth

The main goal of this paper is to analyse the relationship between social capital and economic growth taking into account the role of fiscal policy from theoretical and empirical points of view. To achieve this goal, “Human Capital and Public Capital Effects on Economic Growth” is focused on the effects of two traditional factors: human capital and public capital effects on economic growth. “Social Capital Effects on Economic Growth” considers qualitative variables introducing some socioeconomic effects on economic growth process analysis. In this case, social capital the main variable will be considered. “Empirical Analysis,” an empirical analysis is developed considering the case of European countries prior to the EU enlargement. Finally, in Conclusions,” the main conclusions will be resumed.      

How much of a threat to economic growth is a mature AIDS epidemic?

The article models the impact on economic growth of HIV/AIDS when the epidemic is in a mature phase, in contrast with previous studies focused on periods of expansion as it is typically the case in African countries. Simulations for Honduras, the epicentre of the epidemic in Central America, show that AIDS is not likely to threaten economic growth neither through labour nor capital accumulation channels. Impacts are estimated between 0.007 and 0.27% points of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth annually for the period 2001 to 2010. Increasing spending on prevention, higher public treatment subsidies and increasing treatment access will not jeopardize economic growth prospects. Critical factors that slash economic growth in Africa (such as human capital reductions and shifts in relative skills) are not strong in Honduras.     

The causal relationship between equipment investment and infrastructures on economic growth in China

There is agreement in the literature on economic growth concerning the transitory effects of capital accumulation on the process of economic development. However, controversy arises if this effect is permanent. In this sense, the key point is the embodied technological progress and whether supply factors predominate among the determinants of capital accumulation. Only in this case should expect long-run effects of capital accumulation on economic growth. Inspired by this idea, I focus the study on two elements accounting for economic development—equipment investment and productive infrastructure and I also analyze the type of the empirical relationship that exists between them. The results indicate that equipment investment and infrastructures have played a significant role in accounting for long-run growth in China. However, I do not find empirical evidence supporting any relationship between the two types of investment. In addition, I find that foreign trade has stimulated output and equipment investment in the long run. Finally, it is found that innovation activities encourage equipment investment in the long run.