福建亿元商品市场发展分析

伴随着经济的快速发展和城乡居民收入的不断提高,福建商品交易市场持续活跃,形成了一批成交规模上亿元、辐射面广的大中型商品交易市场,广泛分布在生产、生活等各个领域,有力促进了大商业、大流通、大市场格局形成,辐射能力日益增强.但随着各种便利店、超级市场、连锁商店的不断发展,商品交易市场的竞争局面将更为激烈,发展的空间面临着更大的挑战.本文从近年来福建亿元以上商品交易市场的发展情况进行分析,并就亿元以上商品交易市场的进一步发展提出对策建议.     

接入效应、市场分割与商品交易市场发展

改革开放以来,商品交易市场作为我国国内商品流通的重要渠道获得了快速发展。通过建立理论模型和计量分析,本文发现:首先,由于地方保护及市场分割的存在,外省的接入效应对各省商品交易市场的发展远没有本省的接入效应重要;其次,铁路、公路及高速公路等基础设施的日益完善通过降低运输成本促进各省商品交易市场的发展;最后,不同要素密集度的生产企业对商品交易市场的依赖程度存在显著差异,资本密集型产品的生产企业对商品交易市场的依赖程度远低于劳动密集型和资源密集型产品的生产企业。     

国际碳交易市场发展现状及我国碳交易市场展望

《京都议定书》通过创新地引入"灵活机制",期望借助市场手段来高效解决环境问题,并由此形成了目前全球最具发展潜力的商品交易市场——碳交易市场。本文回顾了碳交易市场的产生背景,详细介绍了现行碳交易机制及相关执行机构。通过对目前碳交易市场体系的研究,深入分析了国际碳交易市场发展现状,对其未来发展可能面临的障碍进行了探讨,并对我国碳交易市场的发展做出展望。     

中国人力资本与知识市场的协整关系分析

本文选取1987-2007年时间序列数据,对我国人力资本与知识市场规模关系进行了实证研究,用我国科技活动人员总量作为人力资本衡量指标,用技术市场成交额作为知识市场规模衡量指标.通过对变量使用平稳性检验与协整分析发现:我国知识市场的发展水平受科技活动人员总量的影响较大,知识市场的发展对从事科技活动的人员总量的影响不明显.本文针对结果,提出了相关的对策建议.     

加速传统市场向现代市场的转变--全国部分城市市场发展研讨会专题综述

2002年12月10日至13日,由11个省(自治区)的20个城市市场建设服务机构参加的“全国部分城市市场发展研讨会”在河北省保定市召开。国务院研究室、全国城市中心批发市场联合会的有关领导和河北大学的有关专家学者参加了会议。与会代表普遍认为,在社会主义市场经济发展过程中,实现传统市场向现代市场的转变,仍是当前市场建设中的当务之急。一、时代发展提出新课题——传统市场向现代市场的转变对商品交易市场、各类批发市场的未来发展趋势进行探讨,是与会代表关注的一个重要问题。目前,我国正处在全面的社会转型期,这对市场发展既是新的挑战,也…     

北京市森林碳汇市场构建研究

为了积极推进中国的节能减排事业,使中国的经济发展模式向低碳模式转变,阐述了北京市建立森林碳汇市场的必要性和可行性,并进行了问卷调查,通过研究公众对碳汇市场的了解程度和需求程度,提出了构建北京市森林碳汇市场的相关建议。     

中国轻纺城专业市场的国际竞争力分析

中国轻纺城是依托绍兴这个纺织生产集中地发展起来的专业市场，它是这个地区区域市场的主体。它的建立和发展推动了绍兴县纺织业的集聚发展，突破了由于企业规模小，管理落后所造成的内部交易费用高的障碍。用外部市场交易取代了企业内部交易，大大提高了整体的竞争力。中国轻纺城作为中国纺织行业的集散中心，2005年中国轻纺城成交额为276亿元，其中外销总量为79亿元，贸易摩擦的影响使中国轻纺城的外销总额比上年下降了20％。本文将从在当今国际形势下中国轻纺城存在的问题进行分析,并试图提出相魔的解决办法。     

启动全国碳排放权交易市场的难点与对策研究

随着全球低碳经济转型的逐步推进,碳交易市场成为极具发展潜力的商品交易市场。作为全球最大的碳排放国,我国一直积极采取措施应对气候变化。2011年国家发改委批准北京、上海、重庆、天津等七个碳交易试点,为推动全国碳市场进行初步探索。2015年12月,我国在巴黎气候大会上明确表示将于2017年启动全国碳交易市场。通过对碳交易试点运行现状的分析,对全面推行碳交易过程中存在的难点及相关对策进行探讨,并对启动全国碳交易市场的前景做出展望。     

对温州和义乌专业市场的思考

城,成交额分别为60.25亿元和48.05亿元,与上年同期相比下降了7.19%和6%;服装、鞋帽、针纺织品类产品成交额51.56亿元.比上年同期下降55.48%.相比之下,义乌仍坚守着"贸工联动,以贸促工"的做法,以有形市场为核心发展本地经济.温州当年全国知名的十大市场正被义乌小商品市场的光芒掩盖,现在温州有形专业市场辐射能力大为减弱.本文就将温州与义乌专业市场发展中的差距做出思考.     

我国区域技术市场交易与高新技术产业开发区发展的关系

利用中国统计年鉴多年的关于全国技术市场成交额和53个国家级开发区高新技术企业主要经济指标的统计资料，结合统计学中的相关分析和聚类分析方法以及社会分析系统(SAS)软件进行了数据分析，得出了基本符合我国科技进步和我国高新技术产业开发区发展现状的几条结论。     

Smallholder timber sale decisions on the Amazon frontier

We use data from a survey of 2401 households living along the Transamazon highway to study timber sales decisions of smallholders settling in Amazon native forests. We develop an econometric approach, to study both the decision to harvest timber and the volume of timber sold, that corrects for limited access to loggers leading to possible selection bias, incomplete labor markets, and differences in property rights regimes that characterize the area. We find that, irrespective of distance to markets, smallholders that have either been settled by INCRA or have access to credit are more likely to sell wood, but those with outside income sources are less likely to sell. Higher timber prices decrease the likelihood of timber sales. The results suggest that timber sales are viewed only as a means for smallholders to reduce immediate cash constraints. With some exceptions these results hold across property rights regimes.     

网上销售的影响因素:利基与热门市场的对比研究

长尾理论表明,互联网更利于利基市场的发展。然而,近期有研究认为热门市场在网上更有优势。为了验证在线商家在这两类市场的不同表现,我们对淘宝网上的791家店铺的64万余种产品的销售数据进行了分析。结果表明,网上销售受到信誉、产品多样性、价格、口碑以及被推荐机会等因素的影响,并且这些影响在利基和热门市场上表现出显著的差异。其中,信誉、产品多样性、价格和口碑对利基产品销售的影响更大。基于历史数据的被推荐机会对热门产品的销售有正向影响,而对利基产品的销售有负向影响。此外,我们还发现了网上销售的后发优势。     

The effects of resale price maintenance laws on petrol prices and station attrition: empirical evidence from Wisconsin

The state of Wisconsin's Unfair Sales Act prevents the sale of any item below cost in order to attract business, and specifically requires petrol (gasoline) stations to mark up their prices by at least 6% over the wholesale price. While the ostensible reason for this law is to protect small, independent retailers and thus enhance competition, the evidence suggests that the primary result of this law has been to inflate the price of petrol for Wisconsin consumers and facilitate tacit collusion in retail petrol markets. Petrol prices in two major markets in the state are examined, as well as in one market outside of the state where no minimum markup is required. The data show that when the penalties for violating the Unfair Sales Act were strengthened, the average markup of retail petrol over the wholesale price increased significantly in Wisconsin without a commensurate change in the average markup in the market outside of Wisconsin. It is also found that price dispersion is significantly lower over a two-year period in the protected Wisconsin market than in the unprotected markets.     

Emission Trading with Fiscal Externalities: The Case for a Common Carbon Tax for the Non-ETS Emissions in the EU

A government is fiscally constrained if it is unable to raise sufficient tax revenue to finance the first-best level of public spending. When involved in emission trading, a fiscally constrained government will potentially seek to close its fiscal gap through emission permit sales. This fiscal incentive therefore generates a fiscal externality in the permit market that is endogenous to the extent of fiscal constrainedness among the participating countries. Our theory explains how, and when, fiscal externalities may be expected to arise. Moreover, we show that in a permit market equilibrium with fiscal externalities, the initial allocation of emission permits between countries will affect: (1) the price of emission permits, (2) the global distribution of abatement effort, and (3) total greenhouse gas mitigation costs. This is contrary to the textbook model of emission permit markets. Our findings are especially relevant for the EU which is about to allow for trading in emission rights between EU member countries for all emissions outside the European Emissions Trading System.     

流通产业增长中的批发依赖性研究 ——基于工业品分类样本的实证检验

改革开放以来，我国流通产业取得长足发展，现代流通方式加快发展，流通产业已是国民经济的基础性和先导性产业。理论上，批发流通在现代流通产业发展中占据重要地位，对促进流通产业良性增长具备重要作用。本文基于工业品分类样本对批发业在流通总体增长以及零售增长中的双重贡献进行实证测度，整体上验证了流通增长过程中的批发依赖性，并在分类检验中验证了生产资料工业品、快速消费品以及耐用消费品行业对批发增长的较高依赖性。在新时期的流通增长中，应重视在批发依赖性较为明显的行业中集中实现批发的聚集优势。     

Manufacturer's pricing strategy in a two-level supply chain with competing retailers and advertising cost dependent demand

The paper studies a two-echelon supply chain comprising one manufacturer and two competing retailers with advertising cost dependent demand. The manufacturer acts as the Stackelberg leader who specifies wholesale price for each retailer. The two retailers compete with each other in advertising and they have different sales costs. The manufacturer uses one of the following two pricing strategies: (i) setting the same wholesale price for both the retailers irrespective of the difference in their sales costs; (ii) setting different wholesale prices for the retailers depending on their sales costs. Two models are developed. In the first model, the manufacturer shares a fraction of each retailer's advertising cost while in the second model, the manufacturer does not share any retailer's advertising expenses. In both the models, we derive the retailers' and manufacturer's optimal strategies. A numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical results developed in each model. Computational results show that it is always beneficial for the manufacturer to adopt different wholesale pricing strategy for the retailers.     

Effective monitoring and mitigation in the organized wholesale electric power markets

The organized wholesale electric power markets in the United States are characterized by structural market power, and would not produce competitive results absent administrative intervention. Market power mitigation is a fundamental and permanent part of the market design for the organized wholesale electricity markets. Market power mitigation is essential to FERC’s policy of relying on competition to regulate electric wholesale power prices, consistent with its mandate under the Federal Power Act. Controversy has arisen about how to ensure that the markets clear on the basis of offers that have been determined to be competitive. Specifically, the issue is what institution and function is best situated to provide the initial critical determination about whether a participant’s offer is competitive. Despite recent clarification of FERC policies on the market monitoring function, the roles of market administrators and market monitors are a potential source of confusion and counterproductive institutional conflict. The FERC should refine and clarify its policy in this area by according exclusive responsibility to institutional, independent market monitors to monitor participants’ conduct and the potential for the exercise of market power through ex ante review of cost-based offers used in market power mitigation, subject to review by FERC.     

How significant is the alleged unfair advantage enjoyed by state-owned banks in Germany?

The European Commission argues that the state-owned banks inGermany enjoy an unfair advantage over the private sector banksin the cost of borrowing funds in the financial markets becauseof state guarantees that public sector banks are perceived toenjoy. This note demonstrates that the blame for the comparativelypoor profitability of private sector banks in Germany cannotbe laid at the door of the relatively cheaper funds that thepublic sector banks can raise in the wholesale markets.     

Wholesale Spot Price Pass-Through

It has been proposed that, when electricity markets open to retail competition, incumbent distribution utilities should be required to sell to residential customers at wholesale spot market prices. It is argued here that this overestimates the value of spot-price sales to customers, and underestimates the costs and disadvantages of the proposed policy. Experience in San Diego illustrates the problems. But other policies such as shopping credits have deficiencies too. An alternative approach, based on transitional maximum price caps, has facilitated the development of a competitive and fully deregulated residential retail market in the United Kingdom.     

Lenders on the storm of wholesale funding shocks: saved by the central bank?

We provide empirical evidence on banks’ responses to shocks in the wholesale funding market, using data of 181 euro area banks over the period from August 2007 to June 2013. Responses to funding liquidity shocks for both banks’ lending volumes and loan rates, to households and corporates, are analysed in a panel VAR framework. We thereby distinguish banks by country, extent of Eurosystem borrowing, bank size and capitalization. The results show that shocks in the securities and interbank markets have significant effects on loan rates and credit supply, particularly of banks in stressed countries of the periphery. The results also suggest that central bank liquidity has mitigated this effect on lending volumes. Lending to nonfinancial corporations is more sensitive to wholesale funding shocks than lending to households. Lending volumes of large banks that are typically more dependent on wholesale funding and banks with large exposure to sovereign bonds show stronger responses to wholesale funding shocks.