风险投资介入推动了资本跨区域流动吗？——基于企业异地并购的实证研究

资本跨区域流动是优化地区间资源配置、推动国内经济大循环、促进区域协调发展的重要载体,而金融要素又是促进更高水平的区域协调发展的有效推动力。为此,文章从异地并购的视角探讨了风险投资对资本跨区域流动的影响,并探讨了多维管理层特征的调节机制。研究发现:(1)风险投资参与程度的提升促使被投企业扩大异地并购规模,从而推动了资本跨区域流动;但风险投资对资本跨区域流动的促进作用更可能发生在各风险投资股东均为非大股东、主导风险投资为非国有产权属性和风险投资联合投资的情境中。(2)风险投资介入对资本跨区域流动的影响在欠发达地区企业并购发达地区企业的逆流并购的情境中更显著,且风险投资的参与也打破了地理距离障碍,激发被投企业愿意在远距离的异地并购中扩大投资规模。(3)企业管理层股权集中度的提高抑制了风险投资参与程度对异地并购规模的促进作用;CEO任期的增加强化了风险投资参与程度对异地并购规模的促进作用。文章提供了风险投资促进资本跨区域流动的经验证据,对优化企业异地并购决策以及推动区域间经济协同发展具有重要的借鉴价值。     

中国企业跨国并购成败的影响因素

影响中国企业跨国并购成败的因素很多,主要有东道国的制度环境、中方企业的所有制、目标企业的工会制度、东道国传统偏见、卖方企业文化偏见、中方企业商誉缺乏等,应从政府和企业两方面采取措施突破制度障碍,使中国企业跨国并购取得成功。     

企业并购的制度变迁分析

企业并购是资本扩张的重要途径之一,也是企业产权契约的重新签定过程,并购能否成功很大程度上取决于制度整合是否有效。当前我国企业并购的行政色彩仍很浓,并购过程中注重正式制度整合,忽略非正式制度;制度整合的方法比较僵化,忽视环境的复杂性等。企业并购的成功率不高,针对这些问题文章深入探究其根源,并据此提出一些建议和对策。     

税收竞争、区域环境与资本跨区流动——基于企业异地并购视角的实证研究

在我国经济转型背景下,资本跨区流动作为市场化资源配置方式,表征着市场化进展程度,同时受制于政府干预导致的行政壁垒和市场分割。本文旨在从税收竞争角度考察资本跨区流动的影响因素及其作用机制。长期以来,税收竞争的资本流动效应是公共经济学与投资理论研究的热点问题,既有实证研究主要集中在资本形成与FDI等方面。但是,前者忽略了资本流动的方向性,后者囿于投资方式的同质性。企业异地并购是资本跨区(跨国)流动的微观过程,也是企业基于区位选择的成长路径。本文从企业异地并购这一独特的微观视角切入,运用因子分析法度量我国30个省份税收负担和环境得分,以2009-2011年间发生的国内上市公司收购非上市公司事件为样本,基于Logistic计量模型考察税收(环境)的引资效应和企业成长效应。研究发现,地区间税收竞争显著影响了企业异地并购行为,引致了资本跨区流动;企业异地并购未获得节税收益,环境效应已成为企业异地并购的成长动因。这些发现对于匡正地方政府竞争行为和企业成长区位选择具有启示意义。     

商业银行跨区域经营和企业异地并购

本文基于商业银行异地分支机构信息和企业异地并购数据,探究银行跨区域经营对于实体投资的影响。研究表明,异地分支机构的设立对两地间并购规模和企业并购绩效均存在显著的正面效应。进一步分析发现,当主并企业面临的融资约束越大或当目标地区市场化水平较低时,商业银行跨区域经营对于并购绩效的改善作用越强。本文的研究发现为金融资本流动影响实体资本流动提供了微观研究基础,并且为我国完善金融体系、推动企业并购促进地区间资本配置效率的提高提供了理论支持。     

中国企业跨境并购促进了并购企业研发国际化吗

基于2007—2020年中国工业企业上市公司跨境并购数据,实证分析跨境并购与并购企业研发国际化的关系,并整合制度观点,分析产权异质性和东道国（地区）异质性的影响。结果显示：第一,跨境并购规模和跨境并购股权对并购企业研发国际化均存在显著正向影响,跨境并购整合对并购企业研发国际化的影响不稳健;第二,基于产权异质性分组检验发现,跨境并购规模对并购企业研发国际化的正向影响仅在国有企业样本中显著;第三,基于东道国（地区）异质性分组检验发现,当东道国（地区）为发达国家（地区）时,跨境并购规模和跨境并购股权对并购企业研发国际化均存在显著正向影响,当东道国（地区）为发展中国家（地区）时,跨境并购对并购企业研发国际化的影响不显著。结论丰富了现有理论成果,对中国工业企业跨境并购实践具有一定借鉴价值。     

金融环境、融资约束与企业异地并购

金融环境影响企业融资成本和投资计划,是企业异地投资决策的重要考量因素。基于Heckman两阶段模型,利用2011—2020年中国企业境内并购数据,从金融资源规模和金融市场化程度两个维度考察了企业异地并购对金融环境的偏好特征。实证结果表明：非国有企业具有更强的金融资源寻求动机,倾向于选择金融资源相对丰富的地区进行并购扩张;受限于高额的能力建设成本,国有企业对高市场化程度金融市场表现出更加显著的规避倾向。企业对金融环境的不同偏好一定程度上反映了企业融资约束的结构性特征。进一步检验表明,去杠杆政策有助于激活融资约束对企业经营的治理作用,对企业的过度投资行为能够发挥一定约束作用,但同时存在矫枉过正的风险,结构性去杠杆至关重要。     

企业并购引起的资源要素流动机理

并购是企业扩张和发展的有效手段,也是资源优化配置和产业结构升级的重要途径,企业并购将引起资源要素的流动。文章回顾了并购的相关理论以及企业的资源理论,并在此基础上对企业的资源及其分类予以了界定。通过与一般资源要素流动的规律进行对比,进一步揭示了企业并购引起的资源要素流动的特殊机理。     

On the role of personal relationships for doing business in the Greater Pearl River Delta,China

This article investigates the role of personal relationships for doing business in the Greater Pearl River Delta, China (GPRD). First, it discusses the interplay of formal and informal (relationship-based) institutions based on institutional economics. Second, it describes the institutional environment for doing business in China, and in the GPRD in particular. Third, it uses data obtained from a survey among executives of Hong Kong electronics SMEs with business operations in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) to gain insights into their perceptions of the importance and the motives of using personal relationships for business in PRD in general, and on the impact of personal relationships on location and partner decisions for companies' production as well as innovation activities, in particular. The results confirm the importance of personal relationships for doing business in the GPRD and suggest that companies rely on personal relationships for business not only for cultural reasons but also to cope with deficient legal and political institutions.     

我国大型企业海外并购的困境和出路探索

随着我国综合国力的增强,大型企业逐步走出国门实施海外并购。但由于多种原因,我国不少大型企业海外并购陷入困境并屡屡遭受重大损失。深入剖析我国大型企业海外并购陷入困境或遭受重大损失的原因,探索并尽快找到行之有效的解决办法,提高海外并购的绩效和成功率,尽快摆脱困境并走上健康发展轨道,已刻不容缓。     

The market for corporate control: do countries and technological regimes matter?

Using DATASTREAM and LexisNexis databases, we examine the experience from 1995 to 2005 for eight European countries and 21 sectors, and compute the frequency of merger transactions at sectoral level, controlling for the roles of country variables and focusing on distinct technological patterns of innovation. We found that, even in market‐based countries, where transfer of control is a frequent phenomenon, mergers are less frequent in those sectors where innovation follows cumulative processes and where takeovers represent a ‘breach of knowledge.’ This study provides empirical support to the fruitful line of research of varieties of capitalism (Hall and Soskice 2001 Hall, P. A. and Soskice, D., eds. 2001. Varieties of Capitalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Crossref] [Google Scholar]) and shows that sectoral differences in M&A (mergers and acquisitions) may be seen in their complementarities with differences by country and their institutional frameworks. Results confirm that acquisitions may occur even in those economies where block‐holders are present, but where the good quality of institutions leaves no space for defence against takeovers. It also highlights the significant role played by takeover regulation, and suggests that the recent reforms in European harmonization should be implemented, so that the obstacles impeding takeovers can be removed. However, policy‐makers should also try to identify for which economies and sectoral fields of specialization, merger activities produce more beneficial effects and which turn out to be detrimental.     

水泥企业并购的财务风险识别与控制

当前,并购重组已成为国内知名水泥企业做大做强的战略选择,但企业并购重组过程中不可避免地存在企业并购的风险,由于信息的不对称性、外部环境的不确定性、经营管理活动的复杂性和企业自身能力的有限性而导致企业并购后达不到预期的经济效益,甚至给并购之后企业的经营活动留下隐患。并购风险贯穿于整个并购活动,作为企业并购成功关键因素的财务风险应该引起我们足够的重视,能否识别、规避和控制并购中的财务风险,决定着并购的成败。     

Does geopolitical risk matter for corporate investment decisions? Evidence from cross-border acquisitions

Heightened geopolitical risk has become the new normal. We study the effects of geopolitical risks on cross-border acquisition activity. Using military alliance to proxy for the degree of geopolitical risks, we find that the formation of military alliance between two countries is associated with greater cross-border acquisition flows. Using the recent North Atlantic Treaty Organization enlargements as identification strategy, we find stronger effects of military alliance, especially with defense pacts. One important channel is that military alliance can substitute for target countries’ institutional quality and minimize extreme geopolitical threats faced by acquirers. We find that countries with poor governance and weaker legal enforcement benefit more from military alliance, especially by receiving inbound acquisitions from major military powers. These findings highlight the role of military alliance in the global market for corporate control by reducing geopolitical risks.     

Are Larger Merger Synergies Bad News for Consumers? Endogenous Post‐Merger Internal Organization

In this paper, we endogenize the post‐merger internal organization of firms, considering two alternative structures: multidivisional, in which separate divisions are kept, and traditional, with cost synergies. We analyze when each structure occurs in equilibrium and how it affects welfare. We show that higher synergies do not necessarily lead to higher consumer surplus: firms can opt for a merger type that does not increase consumer surplus as much as the one that would occur with lower synergies. This highlights the importance of antitrust authorities basing their decisions not just on the magnitude of eventual synergies but also on the post‐merger organizational form.     

中国企业并购融资中存在的问题及其对策

中国企业并购融资中忽视内部融资、对股权融资相对偏好、对债务融资轻视。融资渠道狭窄,融资方式单一;资本市场体系不完善,并购融资中介机构作用没有效发挥。可继续定向增发新股和进行信托融资。还需引入资产证券化融资,分期付款下的或有支付卖方融资,设立企业并购基金,以及完善企业并购融资的外部环境。