新标准下我国扶贫开发政策研究

2012年新扶贫标准的实施,标志着我国扶贫工作进入了一个新阶段,必将给我国扶贫开发工作带来新的机遇和挑战.文章指出,要进一步创新扶贫思路和机制,通过提高扶贫对象瞄准和扶贫资源利用效率、优化扶贫产业和项目选择机制、提高贫困人口素质以及推进政策协调等措施实现扶贫政策创新,开创扶贫开发工作的新局面.     

中国欠发达地区农村基础设施建设的战略调整与产业化扶贫

农村基础设施建设改革,是当前中国农村经济体制改革的根本问题,也是欠发达地区经济社会发展的重大问题。现阶段,中国欠发达地区农村基础设施建设普遍存在相关规制的缺位,严重制约了欠发迭地区农业现代化的进程。中国欠发达地区的农村基础设施建设普遍具有地域性特征。贵州、四川等欠发达地区的改革实践,已经探索建立了中国欠发达地区农村基础设施建设的多种范式。政府应注重实施产业化扶贫战略,统一规划,建立健全相关法律法规,维护农村村民的合法权益。     

Poverty Reduction and Effects of Pro-poor Policies in Rural China

The present paper describes changes in poverty reduction in recent decades and the effects of income growth and inequality on poverty reduction in rural China. The paper also examines the main poverty alleviation policies implemented in rural areas over the past l 0 years and assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of these policies from the perspective of targeting accuracy. It is found that China has achieved significant progress in rural poverty reduction in recent decades, although the speed of poverty reduction has varied from one period to another. The largest contribution to rural poverty reduction has been economic growth, which has been increasingly offset by the inequality effect on poverty reduction. In addition, poverty alIeviation policies are effective, but not efficient.     

评《中华人民共和国经济史》的特色

中华人民共和国建立至今的50年,是中国大力推进工业化的50年,期间,工农关系的演变,则是一个贯穿于经济发展始终,影响到各个方面的关键问题之一,而50年来政府对工农关系的调控,也构成了中国工业化的特色。带着这个问题,我阅读了中国经济出版社出版的由武力主编的《中华人民共和国经济史》,读后认为这是一部耐人阅读的好书。     

The Evolution of Poverty in Nigeria 1985–92

In this note an alternative method for decomposing poverty changes over time is proposed and applied to Nigeria for the years 1985 and 1992. It is shown that the established method of decomposition which holds the poverty line constant at the reference period of the decomposition overestimates the size of the `growth component’ of any poverty change. The conclusion reached by applying the original decomposition method of Datt and Ravallion (1992) is changed completely if the proposed method is applied. Cette note propose et applique au Nigeria pour les années 1985 et 1992, une méthode différente de décomposition de l’évolution de la pauvreté dans le temps. Elle montre que la méthode de décomposition établie, qui maintient constants les seuils de pauvretéà la période de référence, surestime la taille de la “composante croissance” de l’évolution de la pauvreté. En appliquant la méthode proposée, on aboutit à une conclusion radicalement différente de celle de la méthode traditionelle de Datt et Ravallion.     

大扶贫背景下农民组织化研究

经过多年努力,我国农村地区的脱贫攻坚进入深水区和关键期,越往后扶贫相对难度提升,投入资金成本愈高,而实际效益降低,故当前形势下的扶贫开发的理念和方式亟需进行根本性反思并转型。通过强化农民主体作用,发挥政府主导作用,从而提高农民组织化运行效率,进而破解当前贫困地区农村扶贫开发的现实困境。     

建国后我国乡村社会公共治理回顾与前瞻

建国后,我国的乡村治理主要经历合作化阶段、人民公社化阶段和"乡政村治"三个历史时期。我国乡村治理的历程总体来看是一个在中国共产党的领导下,不断扩大民主,加强法制的历程。以史为鉴,面向未来,在中国农村社会公共治理机制的构建中,必须坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治理的有机统一,充分发挥非政府组织在民主表达、协调、平衡利益的作用。     

Fiscal Decentralization and Poverty Alleviation in a Transitional Economy: The Case of Viet Nam

Intergovernmental fiscal arrangements may play an important role in ameliorating poverty in many countries. Successful poverty alleviation generally requires both ‘capacity improving’ and ‘safety net’ policies, and both types of policies may, to some extent, be implemented through, or affected by, intergovernmental transfers. From this perspective, we analyse the efficacy of intergovernmental fiscal arrangements in poverty alleviation in a transitional economy, Viet Nam. We argue that both general and specific transfers are needed for this purpose: the former to enable all provinces to provide a given basket of public services at a given tax-price by offsetting their revenue and cost disabilities and the latter to ensure that minimum levels of those public services provided by lower levels of government are targeted to the poor throughout the country.     

国外反贫困经验对我国精准扶贫的启示

自人类文明诞生以来,贫困问题备受学术界和各国政府关注.面对贫困带来的各种社会问题,国内外作出了相关研究.以国外成熟的理论为指导,在全面建成小康社会目标下的我国扶贫策略应实施转型扶贫内容上:要从物质扶贫到制度扶贫;扶贫方式上:要从救济式扶贫到开发式扶贫;扶贫对象上:要从粗放式扶贫到精准式扶贫.     

扶贫投资低效率与市场化反贫困机制的建立

中国政府一直重视反贫困工作,出台了一系列扶贫政策措施,并取得了明显成效。但进入新世纪以来,减贫的速度在趋缓,投资的效率在下降。投资效率下降主要是由政府主导型的扶贫体制不适应市场经济体制造成的。提高投资效率的关键是在反贫困中引入市场机制,包括在贫困地区培育市场主体、培育市场经济发生与成长的条件、转变政府在反贫困过程中的职能等。文章最后就建立市场化反贫困机制提出了具体的政策建议,包括建立扶贫资金的多元投入机制、资源配置的市场竞争机制、多方参与的扶贫开发和监督评价机制。     

精准扶贫中的公益组织:角色定位及作为

公益组织是社会组织的重要组成部分,在加强社会建设、创新社会治理机制的过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。精准扶贫背景下,公益组织发展抓好八个层面,两大核心,可以有效促进公益组织的健康发展和高效管理。八个层面是促进公益组织发展和改善公益组织管理的重要内容,两大核心是理顺政府和公益组织关系的重要举措,二者共同构成了精准扶贫背景下公益组织发展管理的基本框架。     

美联储货币互换工具的实践及对我国央行的启示

货币互换是指两国央行之间签订的为了解决流动性问题的一种金融管理工具。布雷顿森林体系成立以来,美联储基于不同目的多次与其它央行签订了货币互换协议。我国央行为便利双边贸易和投资于2001年开始使用货币互换工具。通过对比分析,我们认为美联储货币互换的实践对我国央行进一步实施、完善和拓展货币互换工具的使用有借鉴意义。     

新中国初期北京市铺底权纠纷的处理

铺底权作为传统商事习惯在北京地区长期相沿,催生了“一铺二主”的权利.结构,在通货膨胀的作用下纠纷不断。新民主主义时期,实行“保护房屋”和“发展工商业”政策,铺底权被认定为“畸形习惯”和“剥削手段”,相应纠纷亦亟待解决。经过长期酝酿和反复调整,北京市人民政府于1951年正式推出铺底权纠纷的处理方案,承认“铺底利益”而否定“铺底权制度”,将复杂的制度革新问题转换为利益分配问题,在事实上消灭了铺底权制度,又保留了其作为传统商事习惯的有益成分,调和了新民主主义经济政策与传统商事习惯,有效地疏解了社会自发秩序与国家制度建构之间的张力。     

People's Republic of China and its Neighbours: evidence on regional trade and investment effects

The very rapid economic growth of the People's Republic of China (PRC), its dramatic success in world export markets and its heavy receipts of foreign direct investment (FDI) have generated much thought and debate in policy and business circles in different parts of the world. This paper surveys evidence from research by ADB Institute staff and Visiting Fellows conducted over the last two years that sheds light on these issues. The paper examines differences in trade structure between the PRC and its trading partners, finding that the PRC's current structure is closest to that of Korea and Taipei, China in 1990. It also considers changes in market share and finds that the PRC exports are eroding the market share of its regional neighbours in the USA and Japan, particularly in products in which trading partners are most specialised. There is no evidence of FDI diversion from elsewhere in the region to PRC. The trade diversion effects in the US and Japan are offset however by strong trade creation as the rapid growth in PRC leads to a substantial rise in its imports.
The paper surveys the projections of models that demonstrate the gains in greater trade and income for the region from closer trade links with the PRC. The broad conclusion that emerges is that whilst there may be risks to individual sectors in all countries concerned, the pattern of regional trade and investment that is emerging is mutually beneficial, provided enterprises and governments representing the PRC's regional partners respond effectively to the adjustments required.     

Development in North East People's Republic of China: An analysis of enterprise performance 1995–2002

Regional disparities within China are now an important policy question. Recently the three provinces of the north-east region have been identified as priority areas for regional development, along with the Western part of the country. The north-east is the old industrial heartland of the country and its economy is based around heavy industry, mineral extraction and state owned enterprises. This paper uses a unique database on medium and large-scale enterprises to establish how far enterprise performance in the north-east differs from the national average and the reasons for any such differences. It finds that even allowing for industrial structure and ownership, performance in the north-east is significantly below that in the rest of the country. This is attributed to aspects of the investment climate in the region.