技术溢出、效率提升与技术寻求型FDI研究

获取技术溢出是技术寻求型FDI的主要目的,企业生产效率的有效提升是其成功的关键。利用寡头竞争模型,论证了一个技术寻求型FDI企业成功进行对外直接投资的条件:只有当获得技术溢出后整体生产效率高于发达国家企业时,以获取先进技术为目的的FDI才能成功。这对于我国企业成功进行对外直接投资具有重要启示。     

Sovereign Risk, FDI Spillovers, and Growth

This paper studies the effect of sovereign risk on capital flows from rich to poor nations in the context of a two-country model, where Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) creates positive externalities in domestic production. We show that if externalities are large, a developing country never expropriates foreign assets, and behaves as under perfect enforcement of foreigners' property rights, jumping to the steady state in one period. If externalities are absent, a developing country always expropriates foreign assets and, then, there are no capital flows in equilibrium, as occurs in autarky. If externalities are of a medium size, our model can account for scarce capital flows from rich to poor nations, as well as other key features of the data, such as rising-over-time patterns of foreign capital and FDI in developing countries. In addition, the model offers an economic rationale for the FDI restrictions observed across nations.     

International R&D Spillovers: Trade,FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels*

With the rapid pace of economic integration, the productivity of a country depends not only on domestic R&D, but also on foreign R&D through technology diffusion across countries. The advancement of information technology (IT) has made the international transmission of knowledge faster and more efficient, providing an important channel for international R&D spillovers. This paper investigates three channels of international R&D spillovers: trade, FDI, and information technology. Applying panel cointegration and dynamic OLS analysis to the data for 21 OECD countries plus Israel during the period from 1981 to 1998, we find that bilateral trade remains an important conduit for international R&D spillovers. Although bilateral FDI is found to be positively related to international R&D spillovers, their impact on productivity growth is relatively small. We also find that the development of information technology has played a more important role in international R&D spillovers and productivity growth in recent years.     

High Technology Employment,Wages And University R&D Spillovers: Evidence From Us Cities

Using 4 years of data from 36 American cities and 6 high technology groupings we present thc first estimates of University R&D spillover effects on ctnployrnent at this level of disag-gregation, while controlling for wages, prior innovations, state fixed efrccts, and saniple selectivity hias. We find robust evidence that lagged and disaggrcgated university R&D is a significant determinant of city high technology employment and some evidence for employment effects of innovation.     

Industry Mix and Curvilinear Spillovers from FDI in China

This paper uses industry and province specific Chinese industrial data to demonstrate a potential causal link between two strands of the FDI literature. The first strand suggests that the impact of spillovers from inward FDI is less robust in middle-income economies than in either high-income or low-income economies. The second strand suggests diminishing returns of inward FDI on horizontal labor productivity in low-technology industries but not in high-technology industries. This paper suggests a link between these two phenomena. Specifically, if both FDI intensity and industry mix vary with the level of economic development, then an industry-dependent relationship between inward FDI and horizontal spillovers could cause middle-income economies to derive fewer benefits from inward FDI than either high- or low-income economies. This paper also verifies the curvilinear relationship between FDI in low-technology industries and horizontal labor productivity without relying on problematic FDI from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao.     

基于长三角地区FDI技术溢出渠道的实证分析

本研究将FDI的技术溢出渠道划分为六类.以此作为理论依据,选择长三角地区的七大城市作为研究对象,运用调查问卷这一实证研究方法分析了各溢出渠道的不同技术溢出情况,并在此基础上提出了相应的政策建议.     

Export Spillovers of FDI on China's Domestic Firms

This paper examines the horizontal and vertical export spillovers of foreign direct investment (FDI) on China's manufacturing domestic firms by using firm‐level census data over the period of 2000–03. Based on a Heckman two‐step procedure combining first differencing and instrumental variable regression techniques, it is found that FDI has had a positive impact on the export value of domestic firms mainly through backward technology spillovers and a positive impact on the export‐to‐sales ratio of domestic firms through horizontal export‐related information spillovers. After decomposing FDI by different market orientation and domestic firms by different ownership, the paper finds that the positive impact on domestic firms' export values is mainly from the nonexporting and the exporting foreign‐invested enterprises while the positive impact on domestic firms' export‐to‐sales ratios is mainly from the high‐exporting foreign‐invested enterprises. Both types of export spillovers are mainly diffused to domestic non‐state‐owned enterprises.     

基于长三角地区FDI技术溢出渠道的实证分析

本研究将FDI的技术溢出渠道划分为六类。以此作为理论依据，选择长三角地区的七大城市作为研究对象，运用调查问卷这一实证研究方法分析了各溢出渠道的不同技术溢出情况，并在此基础上提出了相应的政策建议。     

FDI技术溢出效应的决定因素研究

本文总结了产生FDI溢出效应的主要渠道以及影响FDI溢出效应的主要因素,FDI溢出效应的结果依赖很多因素,东道国特征与FDI特征都会影响FDI溢出效应的存在性、大小以及符号。特别是本地企业的吸收能力、地区／行业的特征以及东道国的制度以及FDI自身的一些特征都是FDI溢出效应是否存在、是否显著的重要影响因素。由于影响因素众多、影响方式复杂,目前还很难就FDI溢出效应对本地企业的影响得出一个一致、可信的结论。     

中国对外直接投资的逆向技术溢出效应——基于技术差距的影响分析

本文利用2003～2007年省际面板数据对我国对外直接投资的逆向技术溢出效应以及国内外技术差距对逆向技术溢出的影响进行了实证分析,研究结果显示:我国对外直接投资对全要素生产率存在显著的逆向溢出效应;我国与西方国家的技术差距影响对外直接投资的逆向技术溢出,且技术差距与逆向溢出之间的非线性关系模型比线性关系模型拟合得更好.     

知识溢出与FDI在中国地区分布的非均衡增长

改革开放以来,尤其是邓小平同志南巡讲话和中国入世以来,外商在华直接投资迅速增长,成为推动中国经济发展的重要力量。但FDI在中国的地区分布极不均衡,对中国不同地区经济的均衡发展带来了不利影响。从知识溢出的角度出发,通过建立理论模型和对中国内地28省市历史数据的实证检验,对影响中国FDI地区分布不均的原因进行了分析。实证结果表明:经济体的科技发展水平可以在很大程度上决定其吸引FDI的总额和其最优FDI额;FDI在中国的地区非均衡分布,在一定程度上是由各省市总体科技水平发展不均造成的;FDI在中国的地区非均衡增长趋势,将在一定时期内继续存在。     

How Spillovers from FDI Differ Between China's State and Collective Firms

MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies -     

市场结构对FDI行业间溢出效应的影响

近年来,对FDI的一些研究发现,行业间溢出(尤其是后向溢出)是FDI溢出的一个重要途径,FDI行业间溢出的影响因素很多,其中市场结构是聊后向溢出的一个重要影响因素.本文通过理论分析研究了上下游行业不同市场结构,以及FDI所在行业中本国企业数目对行业间溢出效应的影响发现,随着上下游行业市场集中度的降低,行业间溢出效应逐渐增大;随着FDI所在行业中本国企业数目的减少,行业间溢出效应也逐渐增大.     

Multinational Companies,Technology Spillovers and Plant Survival*

How does the presence of multinational companies affect plant survival in the host country? We postulate that multinational companies can impact positively on plant survival through technology spillovers. We examine the nature of the effect of multinationals using a Cox proportional hazard model, which we estimate using plant‐level data for Irish manufacturing industries. Our results show that the presence of multinationals has a life‐enhancing effect only on indigenous plants in high‐tech industries, suggesting the presence of technology spillovers. In contrast, multinationals compete with each other in low‐tech sectors in the host country.     

Measurement of Technology Spillovers

This paper builds an externality-based model with physical and R&D capital, proves the linearity of technology functions, and derives two measures of spillovers from the relative differences between social and private rates of return. China’s regional empiric studies exhibit a reverse direction of spillovers between foreign invested firms and local economy and provide an estimation of the spillover measures of between 13% and 18%.     

FDI行业间技术溢出与“挤压效应”:基于广东工业行业数据的实证研究

本文选取广东工业行业数据运用曼奎斯特(Malmquist)生产率指数对广东内资工业部门和国有内资工业部门的生产率及其分解变量进行测算。在控制R&D情况下,明确区分和分别测定FDI技术溢出的行业内溢出和行业间溢出,并从FDI企业所有制类型和市场导向性两个细分层面进行更深入研究。结果发现:FDI通过前、后向关联对当地企业的生产率有正向作用,但仅限于国内市场导向型FDI,作用对象仅是非国有内资企业,传导途径主要是技术进步;FDI通过水平方向对内资企业产生了挤压效应,但挤压效应主要存在于内资非国有企业。     

FDI和进口贸易对中国的技术溢出效应——基于西方大国与亚洲四小龙的比较

一国(地区)的技术进步不仅取决于本国(地区)的研发资本存量,而且取决于引入的外国(地区)研发资本存量的溢出效应.本文采用扩展的CH模型,将研发资本存量作为解释变量,选取1993年至2006年的面板数据,研究西方大国(G8成员国)和亚洲四小龙通过进口贸易、FDI两个途径对中国的技术溢出效用.研究结论有三:一是FDI的技术溢出效用显著为正;二是西方大国FDI的溢出效应略高于亚洲四小龙;三是我国自己的研发资本存量只是在没有西方大国影响的情况下与全要素生产率存在显著的正相关关系.     

IPR,Trade, FDI,and Technology Transfer

In this survey, we discuss how intellectual property rights （IPR） protection in the South affects trade flows, foreign direct investment （FDI） flows, and technology transfers from the North to the South. We also discuss optimal IPR policies and their effect on innovation. Our discussion covers both theoretical studies and empirical evidence. This survey is both comprehensive and critical. It aims to give readers the current state of IPR and globalization literature. Some issues have been studied more thoroughly, whereas for others the surface has only been scratched upon. This survey gives readers a clearer picture of the literature and may help them find future research topics.