公司治理的觉醒与进步

伴随中国多层次资本市场30年来从无到有,从稚嫩到成熟的发展历程,中国上市公司的治理制度建设也从无到有,从粗放到集约。尤其是15年来,透过诸多典型企业身上发生的典型治理事件,我国公司治理制度建设和实践完善概括而言沿着三条路径展开。一是,在股权结构层面,上市公司从以往的一股独大出现股权分散的趋势。2015年,我国上市公司第一大股东平均持股比例低于标志"一票否决权"和相关控股的33.3%,我国资本市场进入分散股权时代。发生在当年的"万科股权之争"由于影响广泛。     

不公正的发展:中国国企垄断现状

我国垄断行业其实是国有资本对行业的垄断和控制,是一种产权资格垄断,甚至可以说是公权垄断。垄断行业"一股独大",在治理上必然"一股独霸",在绩效上往往"一股独差",形成独资、独治、独占、独享的"四独"局面     

平安的平衡方略

中国上市公司的公司治理有着明显的中国特色,突出表现在以法律形式进入控制权市场的国有股权在股权结构中长期占有特殊地位,从而造成了权力无法有效制衡、一股独大、长期不分红的铁公鸡现象等一系列治理问题。中国平安似乎是个例外,在发展初期,它的公司治理结构就存     

Market orientation and customer satisfaction: Evidence from British machine tool industry

This paper examines empirically the relationship between market orientation and business performance in the context of British machine tool industry. An industry-specific market orientation scale was developed. Factor analysis revealed that there were four latent dimensions underlying the market orientation: customer orientation, competitor orientation, departmental responsiveness, and customer satisfaction orientation. Findings suggest that customer orientation and customer satisfaction orientation have a stronger impact on performance than the other dimensions, and that competitor orientation has a U-shape relationship with performance. Departmental responsiveness did not appear to be significantly related to the business performance. Managers could use the multidimensional conceptualization to develop particular kinds of orientations required for better performance.     

机构投资者影响下独立董事治理效率变化研究

本文采用面板数据模型（Panel Data）及混和截面数据模型（Pooling Data）考察了机构投资者对独立董事治理效率的实际影响.发现引入机构投资者后,独立董事治理效率发生显著的提升,而且在机构投资者长期持股的样本中,机构投资者持股比例与后一期独立董事比例显著正相关,从而证实了机构投资者在促进独立董事制度建设上的积极作用.本文研究结果的政策意义在于可以通过发展机构投资者,从而将建立独立董事制度的强制性要求变为市场效率的自觉要求,并且由此提高独立董事制度运行效率的新思路.     

企业人力资本入股实施:一个整体框架研究

人力资本入股是指企业人力资本所有者(企业家、经理、技术人员和工人等)以其人力资本折股投入企业,按投入企业的人力资本股份份额多少领取股利(在企业盈利时)并承担有限责任的一种企业组织创新制度。本文对实施人力资本入股必须解决的人力资本量化、人力资本股东的收入模式、人力资本股东的有限责任承担、人力资本流动性和改制后的治理结构安排等相关难点问题进行了框架性探究。     

Immigration and the Property Market: Evidence from England and Wales

This article investigates the link between immigration and property markets in England and Wales. Evidence from fixed effects and shift‐share–based instrumental variable regressions suggests that an increase in regional immigration, depending on the specification, either decreases prices at the lower end of the distribution up to the median or leaves them unchanged and has (almost) no effect on mean property prices or prices above the median. The evidence suggests that these findings can be explained through an interaction between the markets for rented and owned properties as well as through changes in the usage of housing space.     

Market Structure after Horizontal Mergers: Evidence from the Banking Industry

Antitrust agencies use measures of market structure to evaluate the likely competitive effects of proposed mergers, but little is known about how measures of market structure change over time, particularly after consummation of mergers and acquisitions. This paper analyzes the changes in market structure 3 and 5 years after mergers in the US banking industry. Our analysis suggests that concentration decreases and the number of banks increases in banking markets where mergers resulted in high concentration levels. In markets where the level of concentration changed by a relatively large amount, our findings are more ambiguous, as the level of concentration decreases, but no effect is found on the number of competitors.     

Mixed Oligopoly and Market Power Mitigation: Evidence from the Colombian Wholesale Electricity Market*

Using information on price bids in wholesale electricity pools and empirical techniques described in the literature on electricity markets, this study identifies the market power mitigation effect of public firms in the Colombian market. The results suggest that while private firms exercise less market power than is predicted by a profit-maximization model, there are marked differences between private and public firms in their exercise of unilateral market power. These findings support the hypothesis of the market power mitigation effect of public firms.     

Pricing with Consumer Switching Costs: Evidence from the Credit Card Market

The credit card market is a natural setting for investigating the relationship between pricing and consumer switching costs. I find, using a detailed panel of credit card issuers, that switching costs are an important influence on pricing for commercial banks. The results are stronger for commercial banks with risky customer bases, suggesting that there is a relationship between default and switching costs. Switching costs appear to have almost no influence on pricing for credit unions, a result that is consistent with their status as not–for–profit entities.     

Estimating Bargaining Effects in Hedonic Models: Evidence from the Housing Market

Bargaining is common in markets for heterogeneous goods and differences in bargaining power between buyer and seller affect the negotiated transaction price. Previous research has found systematic evidence in the housing markets that weak buyers pay higher prices and weak sellers receive lower prices for their homes. Earlier work has modeled the bargaining effect as a parallel shift in the hedonic function, implicitly assuming that attribute shadow prices were unaffected by the bargaining process. In this paper, we use a sample of home sales where the seller's bargaining power is weakened by the fact that the home is vacant at the time of sale to test whether the effect of bargaining is best captured by a shift in the hedonic constant or whether the attribute shadow prices vary as well. The question is significant for property valuation where estimation of the marginal value of an attribute is commonly used to adjust comparable sales data. We find strong confirmation that bargaining power influences the negotiated price. We also find evidence that bargaining power alters attribute prices, although we do not find a consistent pattern across markets.     

International Diversification and Performance: Evidence from Singapore

This study focuses on how international diversification affects a firm in terms of multiple performance measures (accounting-based, market-based, and intangible value creation). The study is unique as it uses segment data made available only recently, which enables the examination of both product and international diversification with performance. The period studied coincided with Singapore firms performance during the Asian Financial Crisis. In contrast to previous studies on Singapore, our results show that product diversification is negatively correlated to all measures of performance, while international market diversification is positively correlated. We attribute the difference to the time period which covers both upswings and downturns of the economy, unlike previous studies which considered only the former. Other control measures were incorporated; firm size is highly significant in explaining all measures of performance but not so for firm age, leverage, risk and industry. For top managers, we suggest that regardless of economic climate, the dominant diversification strategy is to take a focused approach to product diversification, but a broad approach to international diversification.Dr. Er and Dr. Kwok are assistant professors in the Department of Finance & Accounting, National University of Singapore (NUS). Mr Lin recently graduated with a B.B.A. honours (1st class) degree from NUS.     

Life duration of foreign multinational subsidiaries: Evidence from UK northern manufacturing industry 1970–93

Duration analysis is employed to examine the survival of 252 foreign manufacturing plants in the UK Northern region during 1970–93. Contrary to expectations, the hazard function is approximately inverse quadratic rather than monotonic decreasing. Greenfield entrants face a lower risk of failure than acquisition entrants, particularly early in life. Acquisitions of older plants exhibit stronger survival than acquisitions of recently established plants, so that the age of (indigenous) acquired plant at the point of foreign takeover appears to matter to the survival of acquisition entrants. Plant size and industrial concentration also emerge as important. Home country of parent firm and location within region are unimportant. Consistent with the inverse U-shaped hazard function, the lognormal regression model provides a reasonably satisfactory fit to the data, certainly tighter than the Weibull model.