我国人民币汇率制度演进与改革效应分析

2015年是我国人民币汇率形成机制改革十周年.汇率制度选择和汇率水平确定是一国涉外经济管理领域最重要的问题.汇率制度应具有显著的动态发展特征.本文回顾了我国自建国以来人民币汇率制度的变革与演进,并从宏观和微观两个层面分析了汇率制度改革带来的社会经济效应.宏观效应主要体现在外汇管理框架及金融体系抗风险能力,微观效应则主要从天津市近十年来涉外经济发展状况和特点人手分析,并对人民币汇率市场化改革的进一步推进提出相应的对策建议.     

人民币汇率制度面临的现实困境——基于斯旺模型的分析

本文重点分析人民币汇率制度当前面临的现实问题,从理论和现实两个层面分析了人民币汇率制度面临的问题以及继续推进人民币汇率制度改革的现实性和必要性。从内外经济均衡冲突角度分析了现阶段中国面临的国内外经济形势,探讨了人民币汇率制度面临的现实困境,并提出了人民币升值预期固定化的观点。进而把人民币汇率制度改革纳入到人民币升值预期固定化的背景下,分析了人民币汇率制度改革的必要性。     

人民币汇率变动和汇率市场化改革

本文主要研究人民币汇率变动和汇率市场化改革,包括人民币对美元汇率的变动、人民币对非美元货币汇率的变动、人民币有效汇率波动和汇率的市场化改革.本文首先比较了人民币升值、贬值和维稳的影响,指出在国际金融危机时期,人民币应该保持相对稳定.同时本文从三角套汇的角度分析了人民币对美元和人民币对非美元货币汇率之间的关系,考察人民币对国际主要非美元货币汇率和人民币有效汇率的变动特点.最后本文考察人民币汇率形成机制改革和完善,提出了建立参考"一篮子"货币汇率制度和我国汇率市场化改革的具体措施.     

人民币汇率形成机制的完善与我国货币政策的独立性

本文主要研究人民币汇率形成机制的完善,首先探讨了人民币对美元汇率中间价、人民币对非美货币汇率和人民币有效汇率形成机制,以及人民币汇率波动幅度的完善;其次分析了人民币汇率作为货币政策工具、汇率制度和货币政策独立性的关系;最后指出人民币市场化改革是人民币汇率制度改革的最终目标,人民币汇率逐步增加弹性,有利于提高货币政策的独立性。     

浅谈人民币汇率制度的改革及发展趋势

本文通过对现行人民币汇率制度的内容与特点进行细致分析,明确了当前人民币汇率制度改革取得的成绩以及存在的问题,并在此基础上,根据人民币汇率制度的目标,预测了未来人民币汇率制度的发展方向和最终选择,进而给出了完善人民币汇率制度的政策建议.     

人民币汇率制度变迁的路径依赖分析——基于新制度经济学的视角

人民币汇率制度自新中国成立以来,已经历几次重大变迁,2005年人民币汇率制度再度改革.究竟是何因素推动汇率制度变迁并决定未来变迁的路径与方向?本文从新制度经济经济学的视角出发,通过分析人民币汇率制度变迁中的路径依赖效应,尝试解答人民币汇率制度变迁的内在原因以及未来的变迁路径与方向,为解释汇率制度变迁提供了一个新的视角.     

人民币汇率改革对新疆边贸及边贸企业影响情况调查

近20年来,随着经济全球化和金融管制、资本管制的逐渐放松,放弃固定汇率制度走向选择具有更大灵活性的汇率安排,成为更多国家的选择,汇率制度弹性化的趋势进一步增强。2005年7月21日,中国人民银行发布了《关于完善人民币汇率形成机制改革的公告》,宣布人民币汇率将实行“以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度”亚洲金融危机以来,人民币保持相对稳定,企业极少考虑汇率风险。在新的人民币汇率制度下,人民币汇率更富于弹性,汇率风险增加,汇率风险的责任也将完全由企业承担。因此,除了企业应改变过去的思维定势、在外汇资金流动的各个环节加强汇率风险意识和风险管理外,外汇管理部门积极帮助和支持企业加强汇率风险管理,是完善人民币汇率改革形成机制的一项重要配套措施。在人民币汇率制度改革一周年之际,为准确了解人民币汇率制度改革对占新疆外贸半壁江山的边贸及边贸企业的影响以及边贸企业对汇率改革的承受、适应能力,以便今后更加有效地引导企业适应汇率市场机制的变化、加强汇率风险管理,促进新疆边贸持续、快速、健康发展,近期,新疆分局以较强的政策敏感性和主动的外汇服务意识,组织辖内7个中心支局对全疆8个地区的100家边贸企业进行了问卷调查,并在此基础上,选择20家企业进行了实地调查,对存在的问题提出了对策建议。     

人民币汇率改革的实质是什么

这次汇率改革并不是简单的人民币升值，而是汇率制度、汇率形成机制及汇率水平同时改善的整体改革。其实质就在于以制度安排来促进人民币汇率市场化，生成人民币汇率市场化的形成机制，真正体现汇率作为经济杠杆的作用。     

人民币汇率制度改革对进出口的影响及对策

2005年7月1日,我国实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元,形成更富有弹性的人民币汇率机制。此次汇率改革是在外汇储备过高、人民币不断升值的经济形势下进行的,与以往汇率改革有很大差     

商业银行如何应对人民币汇率改革进程中的汇率风险？

在人民币汇率形成机制的改革进程中,如何应对汇率风险成为商业银行当前面临的一个重要问题。随着人民币汇率制度改革的深化,商业银行汇率风险管理的复杂性和难度将不断增加。本文分析了人民币汇率改革进程中商业银行所面对的汇率风险,以及应对的基本手段,提出了应对汇率风险的建议。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…