THE REDUNDANCY OF EARNINGS LEVERAGE IN A COST OF CAPITAL DECISION FRAMEWORK

We hope to make clear why earnings-per-share financial leverage analysis is inadequate as a management tool for financial structure determination. We argue that under either of the currcntly received cost of capital theories, the "traditional" theory or the "Modigliani-Miller" theory, earnings leverage analysis as it is used adds nothing to our understanding of the capital structure issue. We maintain further, that for security analysis there are better tools.
Le but de cette discussion est d'éclaircir la raison pour laquelle on a reconnu que "l'analyse des bénéfices par action en rapport au leverage financier' s'avère être une méthode insuffisante àétablir la structure financière. Que l'on s'appuie sur les théories établies relatives au coüt du capital, sur la théorie traditionnelle ou sur la théorie "Modigliani-Miller", 'l'analyse des bénéfices par action bade sur le leverage financier' telle qu'elle se présente ne nous apprend rien de nouveau au sujet de la structure financière. Dans cet article, nous affinnons plus loin que de emilleurs moy-ens existent pour l'analyse des titres.
Dieser Beitrag versucht zu erklären, warum der Gewinn pro Actie-Leverage-Analyse unzureichend als Unternehmensleitungsinstrument bezüglich der Kapitalstrukturplanung ist. Nach der traditionellen, sowie der Modigliani-Miller Theorie der Kapitalkosten, trägt Gewinn pro Atkie-Leverage-Analyse nichts zum Verständnis des Kapitalstrukturproblems bei. Es wird auch behauptet, dass es bessere Instrumente für eine Wertpapieranalyse gibt.     

MEASURING THE COST OF CAPITAL IN AN INTERNATIONAL CAPM FRAMEWORK

This paper can be viewed as extending the traditional CAPM framework in two important ways. The first expands the concept of the market portfolio to include international securities. The second extends the definition of systematic risk to include currency risk.
What becomes clear in estimating the cost of capital for an international asset is that both extensions have become necessary if the traditional CAPM is to remain relevant. International markets have become increasingly integrated over the past two decades and so all assets might now be considered international and priced accordingly. The inclusion of the currency risk factor is not an ad hoc addition to the CAPM but rather results quite naturally from the fact that foreign returns need to be converted into a domestic currency.
Based on an examination of 18 companies, the article shows that the use of a broader market portfolio will tend to lower the estimated cost of capital for most firms, but in some cases could actually raise it. (In the case of Singapore Airlines, for example, the currency risk factor adds substantially to the cost of capital, while materially reducing it in the case of Nestlé.) Using a simple regression, the authors also attempt to show how the specifics of a particular company—for example, the currencies that are part of their cost/ revenue structure—determine the impact of currency risk on the cost of capital.     

DETERMINING COST OF SALES IN THE CCA SYSTEM: A COMMENT ON DAS AND FRASER

In their paper, “Determining Cost of Sales in the CCA System”, in the November, 1981 issue of Accounting and Finance, Messrs. Das and Fraser claimed to “have demonstrated that the recommended capital maintenance adjustment of the Australian Provisional Standard, as it relates to cost of sales, is inappropriate”. They went on to propose a “correct method”, “to redefine the capital maintenance concept employed”, and to point out that their new definition “seems to have both conceptual and practical difficulties”. The purpose of this brief paper is to demonstrate that Messrs. Das and Fraser overlooked one most important aspect of the Australian CCA model, and that the simple examples they employed in their paper perfectly maintained operating capacity “at the level which existed at the beginning of the period”. There was no need for them to devise any “alternative approach”.     

THE EFFECTS OF OVERPAYMENT AND FORM OF FINANCING ON BIDDER RETURNS IN MERGERS AND TENDER OFFERS

In this paper I examine the effects of overpayment and form of financing on bidding firms' stock returns and the determinants of the form of financing in mergers and tender offers. First, I find that in the 1980s potential overpayments to target shareholders and the form of financing are important for explaining cross-sectional differences in bidding firms' returns upon the announcement of mergers or tender offers. Second, I find that in the 1980s cash offers were likely to be chosen by cash-rich firms relative to their industry, and stock exchange offers were likely to be chosen by normal cash-generating firms relative to their industry. The latter finding is consistent with the pecking order hypothesis and casts doubt on recent signaling explanations of the form of financing.     

A NOTE ON THE BEHAVIOR OF SECURITY RETURNS: A TEST OF STOCK MARKET OVERREACTION AND EFFICIENCY

Researchers have debated stock market efficiency for years and have found several apparent anomalies, among them the overreaction investment strategy. In a sample of virtually all AMEX and NYSE stocks over twenty-one years, it is demonstrated that abnormal returns earned in one year are positively related to the abnormal returns earned in the next year. This evidence is contrary to the overreaction investment philosophy.     

我国民营银行市场准入的时机选择与框架设计

长期以来,我国排斥民营资本进入银行市场.这一垄断性金融制度安排在改革初期对经济增长起到了推动作用.但随着改革的进行,这一安排所带来的弊端日趋严重,已经无法继续按原有模式为经济发展提供支持,特别是难以向新兴的体制外经济提供有效的融资服务.目前银行业向民营资本开放的时机已经成熟.民营银行的框架设计主要包括市场定位、地区选择、资本结构和分级管理.民营银行应该将主要服务对象定位于中小企业;其地区选择应该是侧重于民营经济发达同时当地国有银行信贷投入不足的区域;民营银行的股权结构应该是多个持股量近似的大股东型;为有效地规范民营银行行为,对其实行分级管理是必要的.     

THE EFFECT OF SIZE,BOOK-TO-MARKET EQUITY,PRIOR RETURNS,AND BETA ON STOCK RETURNS: JANUARY VERSUS THE REMAINDER OF THE YEAR

Size and book-to-market equity are shown to transcend beta in explaining stock returns. One possible explanation of the book-to-market equity effect is overreaction. We investigate the effect of size, book-to-market equity, prior returns, and beta on stock returns. We find significant reversals in January consistent with overreaction. We find a strong positive relation between returns and prior returns for February through December. Both patterns are distinct from either a size or book-to-market equity effect. Book-to-market equity is significantly related to returns, with some evidence of a stronger effect in January.