模式识别中的光字符识别技术及应用综述

介绍了模式识别的概念,阐述了模式识别中的统计决策法、结构模式识别、模糊模式识别与人工神经网络识别,重点介绍了字符识别中的光字符识别技术。OCR技术综合了数字图像处理、计算机图形学和人工智能等多方面的知识,成为当今模式识别领域最活跃的研究内容之一。OCR技术在文字识别中有着广泛应用,文中对OCR技术在我国汉字印刷体和手写体识别中的应用作了重点介绍,最后扼要介绍了OCR技术的研究方向。     

手写时代到印刷时代拉丁字母文字形态的演变及信息传递

文字是人类文明进步不可缺少的基本工具,它既是语言的载体,也是信息化社会的基础。拉丁字母文字从一万多年前的原始文字到现代表音的字母文字,经历了漫长的原始文字、古典文字和字母文字三大阶段,文字形态的每一个变化,在保有历史痕迹的同时,也实现了更加快速有效传达信息的目的。各个时代不同的文字书写工具和载体作为媒介指导了信号的传递,并直接影响到当时的文字形态和信息传达。古登堡铅活字印刷术的发明带来了信息传递的重大技术变革,使得文字形态进入印刷文化阶段;印刷油墨和纸张作为文字的新载体在世界范围内推广,陆续产生了现在依然有影响力的诸多拉丁字母文字。铅字字模印刷文字形态的一致性,使得固定形态重复出现时的文字可识别性大大提高,形成了规范的印刷品文字形态,使文字的易读性和可读性明显优于形态相对不固定的手写体,使信息能够被更加清晰准确地传递,对更好地实现文字的功能具有重要意义。随着信息化社会的发展,印刷文字扮演着越来越重要的角色,拉丁字母文字印刷体形态如何更好地传达信息必将得到更大的关注和更深入的研究。     

Business model innovation: The effects of exploratory orientation,opportunity recognition,and entrepreneurial bricolage in an emerging economy

Business model innovation takes shape through a process of experimentation. This study holds that exploratory orientation is a key initiating factor of the experimentation process, and opportunity recognition and entrepreneurial bricolage both are actions constituting this process and thereby serve as conduits between exploratory orientation and business model innovation. Based on a survey data of Chinese firms, this study finds the positive relationship between exploratory orientation and business model innovation is mediated by opportunity recognition and entrepreneurial bricolage. The findings not only enrich the discipline’s knowledge on the antecedents of business model innovation but also extend the implications of exploratory orientation, opportunity recognition, and entrepreneurial bricolage to business model innovation.     

Coordinating and competing in ecosystems: How organizational forms shape new technology investments

We consider firms in the context of their business ecosystems and explore how differences in the ways in which firms are organized with respect to complementary activities affect their decision to invest in new technologies. We argue that, in addition to creating differences in incentives and bureaucratic costs, firm‐complementor organizational form plays an important role in the firm's ability to coordinate accompanying changes in complementary activities so as to shape the benefits from investing early in the new technology. We test our predictions in the U.S. healthcare industry from 1995–2006. The study makes a strong case for viewing firms' competitive strategies in the context of their business ecosystems and for the existence of an important link between firms' coordination choices and their strategic investments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of network relationships on internationalization process: An empirical study of Chinese private enterprises

Chinese private enterprises have been internationalizing rapidly during the last two decades. This study adopts a network approach to examine what factors affect the internationalization process of Chinese private enterprises. Our survey of 108 private Chinese enterprises in the manufacturing sector in Zhejiang province in southeastern China revealed that business networks and personal networks affect the internationalization activities of Chinese private enterprises. Specifically, business networks have a positive impact on the timing of the first foreign market entry, the internationalization pace, and resource commitments, whereas personal networks have a positive impact on the internationalization pace and resource commitments, but not on the timing of the first foreign market entry. In this paper, we report our findings of our survey, discuss the contribution that this study makes to the existing internationalization literature, and suggest future research directions. Policy implications on how to facilitate the internationalization process are also discussed.     

基于Hedonic模型的深圳房地产价格指数研究

为了反映房地产价格的真实变动情况,采用特征价格法建立了深圳市房地产价格指数模型,并采用实际的成交数据进行分析。通过对原始交易数据的修正,将不同品质的房产修正为同一品质的房产,使房地产价格指数的计算更加科学、客观。连续运行五年的房地产价格指数表明,基于特征价格法编制的房地产价格指数具有合理性和可行性。     

民间玩具的分布及特色（Ⅱ）——河南民间泥玩具

民间玩具作为民间艺术的一个重要组成部分，既具有民间艺术所共有的普遍特征，又具有自己特定的文化内涵。而作为要打造玩具的中国文化和特色的中国现代玩具企业，了解和认识民间玩具是一门必修课。民间玩具的创作主体是农村中广泛散步的民间艺人，可以说，只要有农村的地方，就会有民间玩具的存在。     

Southeast Asian capitalism: History,institutions, states,and firms

This paper examines the structures of capitalism in Southeast Asia. Following the lead of Gordon Redding and others, it argues that parallel to varieties of capitalism elsewhere, there are distinctive features to the Southeast Asian business system, but that institutions play a relatively large role compared to firm specific resources or industry structures. Historically, with the exception of Thailand all the countries in the region are former colonies. All including Thailand share a distinctive style of nationalism, and partly as a result of this, all are governed by states that claim to be strong and lay wide claims but whose capacities are low. Typical features of the region, particularly the roles of large business groups and the Chinese minority, also can be interpreted as a result of this history. One of the outcomes of the analysis is an extension of the varieties of capitalism approach along the dimensions of state capacity and state direction, and of the approach to the internationalizing firm along the dimensions of dynamic capacity and control of subsidiaries. A further outcome is a questioning of the traditional picture of indigenous Southeast Asian business people as lacking in entrepreneurial skills, or more broadly of Southeast Asian nations as lacking in entrepreneurial values. Rather, the past history of these countries has resulted in a set of structures that militate against successful entrepreneurial activity.

汉字传统元素在男装产品设计中的装饰应用

在中华民族几千年漫长的历史岁月里,汉字积淀了丰富的装饰表现形式和与众不同的内涵。汉字传统元素在现代男装产品设计中最主要的就是装饰作用,它充当着表达男装产品设计风格的视觉媒介。汉字传统元素在男装产品设计中装饰运用的是否到位,是男装设计产品成功与失败的关键因素之一。     

Circulation of loyalty: Relationships between mobile instant messenger and offline character emoticon store

Mobile instant messenger (mIM) service providers are extending their online services to the offline platform. Asia's largest mIM service providers, LINE and Kakao, are brining life to its signature characters such that they appear not only on the text screen but also on offline character flagship stores. This study investigates mIM users' motives in visiting the store and identifies the role of mIM characters in facilitating users' loyalty toward the mIM service provider. To comprehensively understand users' motivations in visiting the offline flagship store, the study conducted a focus group interview and used the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify seven key motivations. The empirical findings are drawn from 332 Korean respondents that use the mIM service and have experience in visiting the character flagship store. The study finds that users who actively use mIM services and emoticons are likely to visit the store due to the identified factors. A virtuous cycle of loyalty from online to the offline platform, and vice versa was also found. Findings of this study confirm that mIM character flagship stores are a strategic way for mIM service providers to communicate with users and create their unique brand identity.     

世界最有价值品牌中文名称命名分析

本文提出了一个外语品牌中文名称命名的分析框架,并运用该框架对全球100个最有价值品牌的中文名称进行了实证研究。我们发现世界最有价值品牌的中文名称有两种基本的命名模式第一命名模式是“音译法 译音词 双音节 中性词”;第二命名模式是“谐音兼义法 偏正式 三音节 褒义词”。同时世界最有价值品牌中文名称命名模式具有空间和时间的差异,美国、欧洲、日本的中文品牌命名方式不同,并且在不同时代产生的品牌中文名称命名也有不同。     

中欧标准关于钢结构地震作用的对比

对比了中欧抗震标准中有关钢结构抗震设计的若干条文,包括抗震设防目标、场地分类、抗震设计反应谱及抗弯框架结构的设计地震作用。结果表明:在对场地条件以及地震作用的计算方法进行一定换算的基础上,对于D类场地下不超过50 m的工字形截面抗弯框架结构,欧洲抗震标准中柱的设计地震作用基本上要高于GB 50011—2010,梁的设计地震作用基本上要比GB 50011—2010低10%~40%。     

Managerial perceptions of service-infused IORs in China & India: A discursive view of value co-creation

This paper explores the managerial challenges facing firms seeking to build relationships with other network actors while doing business in foreign markets. By taking a critical perspective on an area of increasing importance in both manufacturing and service sectors, that of value co-creation, the paper explores how managers in different cultural contexts make sense of the notion of ‘value’ in inter-organizational B2B relationships between New Zealand service and service-infused supplier firms and buyers in China and India. From an analysis of the interview-based accounts on both sides of the buyer–seller dyad marked differences emerge regarding value-creation within managers' discourse around partnerships, collaboration and cooperation. Our findings suggest that the Indian manager's discursive use of ‘partnership’ draws on service-dominant logic in viewing this type of interaction as a means for co-creating value; they and their New Zealand suppliers are jointly involved in co-creating value within a service system, creating value-in-use. In contrast, the predominant perspective seen in the discourse of Chinese managers is the use of cooperation as a means of making transactions more cost-effective, or to fill gaps in their supply chains, resulting in the creation of transaction-based, co-production of value, which suggests a value-in-exchange orientation. In both cases, there is repeated reference to more peripheral actors whose efforts result in what we interpret as network value creation, based on their interactions with actors within the buyer–seller dyad.     

中国制造业企业对“一带一路”国家OFDI模式选择的实证分析

本文以东道国的视角分析中国制造业企业对外直接投资（OFDI）模式选择的影响因素,并采用二元Logit模型进行实证分析。结果表明：“一带一路”国家的市场潜力越大、基础设施情况越好、自然资源禀赋越丰裕,中国制造业企业越倾向于选择绿地投资模式;而“一带一路”国家的技术水平越高,中国制造业企业越倾向于选择跨国并购模式。政府应提高海外投资信息服务水平,为企业深入了解东道国环境从而做出正确的投资模式提供便利。     

Smart TV and the online media sector: User privacy in view of changing market realities

Smart TV and online media enable precise monitoring of online media consumption, which also forms the basis for personalised recommendations. This new practice challenges EU policy in two respects. Firstly, the legality of monitoring individual media consumption and using personal data of users is primarily addressed under data protection law. Secondly, tracking of viewing behaviour and personalisation of media content can also affect individuals’ freedom to receive information, as well as the realisation of media policy objectives such as media freedom and pluralism, implications that so far are not reflected in media law and policy, or only marginally. This article addresses the increasing reliance on personal data and personalised services in the audiovisual and online media sector and queries the appropriateness of the legal status quo in light of implementation and enforcement actions in Germany and the Netherlands. The analysis concludes with a call for media policy makers and regulators to pay more attention to the issue of ‘smart surveillance’ of media users, and develops a number of concrete recommendations on how to accommodate the specific privacy concerns of media users.     

How Banks Apply Marketing Expertise to Develop New Derivatives

For banks operating in the fiercely competitive derivatives market, the difference between the leaders and the also-rans often boils down to their respective approaches to product innovation. To achieve market leadership in this highly volatile field, a bank must develop and continually refine the processes and the expertise necessary for identifying new areas of business and attracting and retaining customers. Although the development of derivatives is a complex, expensive process, such development efforts provide the means for satisfying existing clients as well as attracting new customers. F. Axel Johne and M. Panos Pavlidis examine the managerial practices of banks that are acknowledged leaders in bringing new derivatives to market ahead of their competitors. In particular, they examine how those first-mover banks apply their marketing expertise and they review the advantages those banks enjoy as a result of their success in product innovation. The banks studied fall into one of two groups: highly active innovators and less active innovators. The study reveals several significant differences between the two groups with respect to managing marketing inputs for product innovation purposes. First, compared to less active banks, the highly active innovators take a more sophisticated, market-based approach to identifying innovation opportunities. Rather than looking for innovations that offer a close fit with existing products and competencies, they analyze the benefits sought by target clients and initiate innovation efforts based on those analyses. Highly active innovators recognize the important role that internal marketing plays in encouraging functional specialists to work together for the purpose of identifying follow-on development opportunities. Internal marketing also helps to ensure that all parties understand and can support the planned innovation. The highly active innovators in this study do not take a formulaic approach to the development of new derivatives; instead, they rely on marketing expertise to identify and capitalize on business opportunities. Rather than concentrate solely on improving the core technical features of a product, the highly active innovators also recognize the importance of product augmentation innovation (to ensure the appropriate support for various market segments), process innovation (so they can reduce prices, when necessary), and market innovation (to ensure that they pursue the optimal mix of markets).     

Technological and geographic heterogeneity in broadband markets: The challenge for regulation

When the telecommunications industry was liberalised in Europe and North America in the 1980s and 1990s, it inherited a legacy of monopoly providers whose footprint was national or multi-regional in its character. The regulatory framework, particularly that adopted in EU member states, reflected this pattern of relatively homogeneous deployment achieved, in part, by decades of cross-subsidised pricing and universal service goals. Perhaps because of this legacy, telecommunications regulators have often adopted the presumption that relevant markets are national in character, unless proven otherwise Although geographically-variegated regulatory remedies have been permitted (even in the face of allegedly national relevant markets) and adopted in many member states, many regulators have never done so, and overly cautious thresholds for permitting geographically based forbearance suggest a continued bias towards presuming national markets and remedies. We find that this presumption of uniformity and the tendency to aggregate geographic markets together is not supported by first principles of antitrust analysis, although there may have been strong practical reasons to apply this presumption in the past circumstances of the telecommunications and broadband industries.On the ground, however, there has arguably never been as much heterogeneity across geographies and across technological solutions that provide effective ultra-fast broadband speeds. Both technological (i.e., product market) and geographic heterogeneity are likely to increase with the advent of mobile 5G networks. With their deployment, a cautious regulatory stance towards geographic variation and a cautious regulatory stance towards inter-technology or inter-modal competition may result in regulation that could exceed what is required to ensure effective competition and could instead distort the incentives to enter of facilities-based actors. This may also result in higher-cost and inefficient investment. A more geographically varied and technologically agnostic regulatory framework may satisfy the principle of proportionate and focused regulation—with the possibility that the locus of regulation shifts from the access network to bottleneck facilities such as fibre, ducts and poles.This discussion is especially germane when one considers the highly speculative nature of forecasts and projections about future demand, and the competing claims of proponents of 5G and fibre. While there is some scepticism about the performance of mobile networks, we note that pure mobile and fixed 5G services may have synergies in deployment, and that the idea of competing with residential broadband services is a core strategy of very influential large-scale industry actors. In terms of a future research agenda, regulatory decisions could benefit from much more research into the relationship between domestic and global bandwidth constraints and their influence on development of software and application, as well as much more quantitative research by academics on the drivers of bandwidth demand. The risks associated with promoting investment that results in large-scale wasted resources should also be central to the regulatory agenda.     

语音情感识别专利分析

为了深入了解语音情感识别领域的技术发展状况,采取定量与定性交叉融合的分析方式,对当今语音情感识别领域相关专利的申请态势、技术发展脉络、申请国别、主要申请人等进行了多角度的分析和探讨。结果表明,在语音情感识别技术的发展进程中,中国虽然起步较晚,但发展速度很快,已逐渐赶超美、日、韩等发达国家;中国大部分专利还处于科研阶段,距大规模商业化尚有一定距离。另外,中国语音情感识别领域还有很多技术空白点,亟待专利布局,因此,中国的科研院校与企业应积极合作,发挥各自优势,以市场为导向,提高语音情感识别技术的市场竞争力。同时,要进一步加大对语音情感识别技术基础要件的科研力度,并勇于探索更尖端的技术领域。研究结果不仅可作为语音情感识别领域科研人员确定研究方向的依据,还可为政府和企业的规划决策提供参考。     

基于统计的2-D人脸形状模型的建立

针对人脸面部特征提取技术是自动视觉翻译和人脸识别中的关键技术之一,介绍了基于统计的人脸形状模型建立原理。利用有标志点的图像训练集变化模式的先验知识而建立模型的方法能够将人脸形状的变化限制在合理的范围内,并能够充分表征人脸特征,实验证明该方法是有效的。     

Assessing the Efficacy of Structural Merger Remedies: Choosing Between Theories of Harm?

This paper shows that many structural remedies in a sample of European merger cases result in market structures which would probably not be cleared by the Competition Authority (CA) if they were the result of merger (rather than remedy). This is explained by the fact that the CA’s objective through remedy is to restore pre-merger competition, but markets are often highly concentrated even before merger. If so, the CA must often choose between clearing an ‘uncompetitive’ merger, or applying an unsatisfactory remedy. Here, the CA appears reluctant to intervene against coordinated effects, if doing so enhances a leader’s dominance.