国际经济技术合作信息

国际经济技术合作信息９７—１９１合作销售葡萄酒法国一家葡萄酒出口公司愿以最优惠价格寻求中国批发销售合作者,有各种品牌的法国酒,如ＤｏｍａｉｎｅｄｅＬａＰｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｅ各档次红白葡萄酒、波尔多地区产的葡萄酒等,可以原装整瓶交货,也可在中国灌装,欢迎...     

新疆葡萄酒市场进入快速发展期

2012年9月20日,玛纳斯县首届葡萄酒节在该县文博中心广场开幕,游客们除了可以品尝到地产葡萄美酒,更有机会在当地酒厂种植园采摘葡萄,参观酿酒生产线,聆听来自法国的国际葡萄酒大师讲述葡萄酒文化。玛纳斯县与法国波尔多、美国加利福尼亚两个世界酿酒葡萄黄金产区同属北纬43°至45°,是世界上少有的不需要借助化肥而出产绿色葡萄的黄     

波尔多的葡萄酒学校

你知道葡萄酒的历史吗? 波尔多的葡萄酒学校位于市中心老城区内,是一幢数百年的老房子。公元前7000年,这里的居民就尝试用葡萄做酒了,不过,那时做出来的酒酸得象醋,且没有方法保存。公元前1世纪,罗马人到这里开辟了有规模的葡萄种植园,教给当地居民酿酒方法。12世纪中叶,由于这里的女大公嫁给英国国王,波尔多葡萄酒开始大量出口英国,带动了当地葡萄种植和酿酒业的大发展。17世纪,波尔多人为葡萄     

喝不完的葡萄酒最多只能放两天

一瓶葡萄酒一次喝不完，该怎样把它存放起来呢？在一次品酒会上，我向一位内行人——来自法国波尔多地区的考维特葡萄酒公司总经理杰克·德拉诺先生提出了这个问题，我深信这也是许多中国人在喝葡萄酒时都碰到过的事。然而，在相当长的一段时间里，德拉诺都无法理解这件事。原来，按照法国入的饮食传统，葡萄酒一般都是在开瓶后一次性喝完的。打个不一定恰当的比喻，这就像中国人喝啤酒，有谁会将一瓶啤酒分两次或三次喝完呢2不过，正是在饮食习惯不同的出发点之下，如何存放开瓶后的葡萄酒显然对中国消费者有更现实的意义。费了一番口舌之…     

加快“中国干红城”建设

昌黎县１９８８年被国务院批准为首批沿海对外开放县。昌黎县葡萄生产已有４００多年的历史,现已拥有一套先进科学的葡萄栽培技术;在气候及土壤条件方面可与法国波尔多地区相媲美．因而被国内外称为中国的“波尔多”。７０年代末,在原中国轻工部专家郭其昌的指导下,昌黎葡萄酒厂用国内第一批由法国引进的“赤霞珠”酿酒葡萄研制生产了中国第一瓶高档干红葡萄酒,之后,所产于红、于白葡萄酒多次荣获国内国际金奖。昌黎县委、县政府抢抓机遇,审时度势,通过对国内国际市场需求和走向的调查和分析,决定把干红酒产业作为强县富民的立县产…     

葡萄酒等级大战

波尔多葡萄酒系出名门，等级划分却引发名分和经济的纷争，更牵涉酒庄与家族的命运。     

访欧洲农村随笔

在古老的葡萄庄园 法国的葡萄酒主要产区在靠大西洋的波尔多地区，但在法国南部罗纳河谷和地中海沿岸的谷地也盛产葡萄酒。那里气候温和干燥，阳光充足，酒精浓度高。地中海边的耶尔市是我们访问的一个小城市，在那里我们参观了一个葡萄庄园。 从耶尔市出发，汽车在山谷谷地上快速行驶。公路边有大片的芦苇，几处平地有桃园，虽是三月初，粉红的桃花已经盛开，除此之外路边还有许多粗大的落叶树，几株杨柳，柳枝已经发青。如果不是远处大片的葡萄园，我真以为又到了中国江南的丘陵地带了。汽车在一个名叫澳玛哈特的古老的葡萄庄园停下，广场…     

葡萄酒都波尔多和法国的酒文化

波尔多位于法国西南部的吉龙德省,是法国第五大城市,第六大港口。波尔多(BORDEAOX)顾名思义是在水一方,弯弯的加龙河把这个城市勾画成一轮新月,加上它又是该河进入大西洋前的一大内河港口,所以被称之谓“月亮港”。波尔多所在的吉龙德省面积10726平方公里,是法国最大的一个省。记载法兰西古代文明历史的多尔多尼河和加龙河灌溉着该地区平坦而又肥沃的土地,这里雨水充足,光照时间长,给葡萄生产带来非常好的自然条件。这里有世界最大的葡     

品味生活品味葡萄酒

随着中西文化的日益融合和国人生活方式的演进,葡萄酒已经成为优享成功生活和彰显人生价值的一种标志性元素.广州蓝泉酒业一直致力于向中国市场提供世界前卫、极具活力的品牌葡萄酒,让消费者在品味葡萄酒的同时,品味生活的味道.兰泉酒业创立于1998年,主要经营进口葡萄酒贸易,代理原装进口葡萄酒两百余款,是波尔多葡萄酒协会、欧盟葡萄酒协会的正式会员单位.兰泉酒业还与世界杰出华商协会联合发起成立了杰出华商红酒俱乐部,旨在宣传红酒文化,提高会员鉴赏红酒的能力,促进会员间交流,同时为会员提供各项增值服务.     

法国葡萄名酒成为收藏新宠

一种全新的收藏品种———法国葡萄名酒，开始在我国流行。法国是世界上最大的葡萄酒产地，法国葡萄酒具有色泽清亮润丽、香气浓郁、味道甘醇的特点，这主要取决于法国葡萄产地的优越地理位置、适宜的气候和优良的土壤环境为葡萄的良好生长提供了优越的自然环境。这也是法...     

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AT CONSTANT PRICES

This article discusses the problem of compiling a balanced set of national accounts at constant prices. The method adopted is based on earlier work on this subject by Burge and Geary. Commodity flows, which are uniquely deflatable, are expressed at constant prices and savings in constant prices is obtained by preserving a balanced set of equations in real terms. The deflation of the external account is discussed.
A method is suggested for expressing the national income account in real terms and an "income gain" is deduced for each industrial sector which represents the difference between real income and real product in that sector. The sum of the income gains for the domestic sectors is zero.
The constituents of the income/expenditure accounts of households, corporations and general government are expressed at constant prices by selecting suitable deflators in a consistent manner. The accounts in real terms are now unbalanced and are balanced again by inserting a balancing item which is shown to represent a gain to the sector arising from changes in the terms of trade between the sectors. This item is called an "expenditure gain". The sum of the expenditure gains for the institutional sectors is zero.
The system suggested can be extended to cover additional items in the accounts and thus a complete set of national accounts in real terms can be derived.     

PRICE DISCRIMINATION AT THE LINKS

This paper reports on an econometric analysis of the pricing structures at 46 public access golf courses in the San Francisco area. Comparisons among several attempts to get a generic measure of price discrimination suggest that the standard deviation of the prices charged is the best measure. Using narrowly cast measures of price discrimination, the paper successfully distinguishes among several different types. Measures of price discrimination can be significant regressors, yet the overwhelming majority of existing work excludes such a variable, leading to biased estimates of the other parameters.     

INSTITUTIONAL PRESERVATION AT THE FEDERAL RESERVE

This paper explains and presents supporting evidence for the hypothesis that institutional preservation is the central motive for Federal Reserve decision makers' behavior. Welfare maximization can, under certain conditions (i.e., via a vote maximization motive or the direct attribution of socially desirable goals), be a part of the preservation hypothesis, but it is inconsistent with substantial parts of Federal Reserve behavior. This paper presents evidence of this inconsistent behavior that the preservation hypothesis can explain. Such evidence includes opposing better coordination with voters'choices, creating an internally authorized fund that makes foreign loans without congressional authorization, opposing better monetary control procedures, organizing lobbying campaigns to defeat legislation to audit the Federal Reserve and make its meetings open to public scrutiny, failing to take minutes after legislation was enacted, and impairing information dispersal about funding for the Watergate burglars. The paper analyzes, in terms of institutional preservation, the results of recent research on the relationship of central banks' independence from short-run political forces and their anti-inflationary monetary policies.     

COURSE BIDDING AT BUSINESS SCHOOLS*

Mechanisms that rely on course bidding are widely used at business schools in order to allocate seats at oversubscribed courses. Bids play two key roles under these mechanisms: to infer student preferences and to determine who have bigger claims on course seats. We show that these two roles may easily conflict, and preferences induced from bids may significantly differ from the true preferences. Therefore, these mechanisms, which are promoted as market mechanisms, do not necessarily yield market outcomes. We introduce a Pareto‐dominant market mechanism that can be implemented by asking students for their preferences in addition to their bids over courses.     

AGRICULTURAL POLICY AT THE CROSSROADS—AGAIN

American agriculture is suffering from severe structural adjustments and from its worst financial depression since landmark price and income policies were legislated more than half a century ago. As much as one-third of the $220 billion in agricultural debt is now delinquent, nonaccrual, or subject to renegotiation. Land values have fallen precipitously in the past few years. Farm foreclosures are near 1930 Depression levels. The congressional debate over programs that could determine the course of U.S. agriculture for the remainder of the century began in the summer of 1985.     

STABILIZATION POLICY AT THE ZERO LOWER BOUND

We construct a monetary economy with aggregate liquidity shocks and heterogeneous idiosyncratic preference shocks. In this environment, not all agents are satiated at the zero lower bound (ZLB) even when the Friedman rule is the best interest‐rate policy the central bank can implement. As a consequence, central bank stabilization policy, which takes the form of repo arrangements in response to aggregate demand shocks, temporarily relaxes the liquidity constraint of impatient agents at the ZLB. Due to a pecuniary externality, this policy may have beneficial general equilibrium effects for patient agents even if they are unconstrained in their money balances.