构建公共财政的支出框架

“吃饭财政”与“公共财政”是经常见诸报端的字眼,有的人认为目前我国正按公共财政要求的建的支出框架实际上是一种饭财政,其理由是公共财政要求财政应退出一般竞争性的生产领域,从而财政支出也应全部用于消费,这实际上是混淆了公共财政与吃饭财政的区别,将我国现行吃饭财政型的 支出结构与我国改革目标－－公共财政型的支出结构等同起来。     

广东构建公共财政基本框架

在2000年的财政工作会议上，广东提出三年内建立公共财政基本框架，时至最近召开的全省财政工作会议上，在陈继兴厅长的报告中，字里行间折射出广东财政已初步构建起公共财政基本框架，公共财政的“公共性，公平性，透明性，完整性”日益凸现。     

现代公共财政管理体系的基本框架

随着社会的发展,人类社会日益需要依靠集体的努力来完成任务、实现目标,管理就是通过协调个体的行为,来实现集体目标的人类有目的的活动。从这种意义上说,管理是人类社会各种活动中最普遍、最重要的活动之一,是一切组织的根本。公共财政是市场经济条件下为满足社会公共需要而进行的以政府为主体的分配活动。管理自然也是财政活动中最普遍、最重要的要素,贯穿于财政分配活动的各个环节、各个方面,决定着财政改革的成效和财政职能作用的发挥。     

努力构建公共财政基本框架

财政改革取得了新突破。积极推行综合财政预算改革，规范了预算外收支行为，增强了政府宏观调控能力。推行政府采购制度改革，三年来共节约资金4409万元，节约率为20．86％，取得了较为显的社会和经济效益。深化粮食流通体制改革，积极筹措粮食风险基金，有效地促进了农村经济的持续发展。积极推进农村税费改革试点工作，全市农民减负率达85％。     

Three challenges for public finance

Conclusions There is one common thread that runs through all three of these challenges. It is a plea to look beyond the standard model of taxation in which it is assumed that the taxed goods directly enter into individuals' utility functions or firms' production functions. At a very basic level this assumption is incorrect because what is taxed is what the taxpayer reports or the tax agency observes, not what the taxpayer consumes or the firm uses and produces. Thus we must analyze tax systems in which the compliance and enforcement elements are explicit.This focus is especially important for international taxation issues because of the difficulty of taxing nonresidents' income and the foreign-source income of domestic residents. It is inevitable that tax systems are designed with these practical difficulties in mind, and, in order to participate fully in the policy debates, economists ought to think carefully about these issues.The distinction may also hold the key to making sense of the empirical evidence about the impact of the U. S. tax changes of the 1980s. There are many avenues of response to tax rate changes other than changing one's consumption bundle or input mix; we need to think hard about whether these responses preclude or merely accompany the real responses that are of ultimate interest.If public finance is to decline in the 1990s, it will not be because of a lack of intellectually exciting challenges that confront us. There are many such challenges, and I am confident that they will attract the attention of both newly minted and well circulated economists.     

A more complete conceptual framework for SME finance

We propose a more complete conceptual framework for analysis of SME credit availability issues. In this framework, lending technologies are the key conduit through which government policies and national financial structures affect credit availability. We emphasize a causal chain from policy to financial structures, which affect the feasibility and profitability of different lending technologies. These technologies, in turn, have important effects on SME credit availability. Financial structures include the presence of different financial institution types and the conditions under which they operate. Lending technologies include several transactions technologies plus relationship lending. We argue that the framework implicit in most of the literature is oversimplified, neglects key elements of the chain, and often yields misleading conclusions. A common oversimplification is the treatment of transactions technologies as a homogeneous group, unsuitable for serving informationally opaque SMEs, and a frequent misleading conclusion is that large institutions are disadvantaged in lending to opaque SMEs.     

Fiscal federalism and local public finance: A computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework

This paper attempts to make an argument for the feasibility and usefulness of a computable general equilibrium approach to studying fiscal federalism and local public finance. It begins by presenting a general model of fiscal federalism that has at its base a local public goods model with (1) multiple types of mobile agents who are endowed with preferences, private good endowments, and land endowments, (2) local governments that produce local public goods funded by a property tax, and (3) a land market that capitalizes local policies to equilibrate supply and demand. To this, a state (or national) government producing a state public good is added, and all levels of government abide by majority rule voting. A computable general equilibrium framework is derived from this theoretical model and calibrated to New Jersey micro tax data. It has been applied elsewhere to study the dominance of property in local tax bases as well as the general equilibrium effects of state or national intergovernmental programs such as redistributive grants in aid, district power equalization, and the deductibility of local taxes. Results in these areas are summarized and potential future applications discussed.     

金融监管信息系统总体框架研究

一、金融监管信息系统建设现状与存在问题1.金融监管信息系统建设现状为了提高监督管理的效率,监管当局在监管信息化方面做了大量的工作,开发了具有不同特点、覆盖不同业务功能的多个版本的金融监管信息系统,如现场检查监管信息系统、外资银行非现场监测分析系统、金融业机构信息管理系统及农村信用社非现场监管系统等。从系统功能上看,现有系统覆盖了机构管理、非现场监管、现场检查等金融监管的各主要方面。但由于各系统均为独立开发,功能相对单一,因此每个系统只能覆盖三大业务的一个或两个部分,很多关键的监管业务还无法满足,各系统之间…     

A strategy framework for performance measurement in the public sector

This paper looks at a little-studied question: what are the strategic choices behind the selection and implementation of performance measurement practices in public sector entities? The paper presents a new strategy framework which provides a structured approach to the many options available for measuring performance effectively. The framework is primarily intended for large public sector organizations, such as municipalities, but will also be useful in smaller entities.     

A law and finance analysis of initial public offerings

Do families keep control of their firms because they, operating in an environment with weak protection of minority shareholders, fear being exploited by management after the IPO? Or is ownership concentration due to the value families attach to control? We find a positive relation between use of security designs that separate votes from capital and frequency of family-controlled firms in Sweden and other countries. It is not caused by differences in legal regimes or in minority protection. Since control blocks are never sold piecemeal to preserve control value, ownership remains highly concentrated. Family-controlled firms trade at a discount because of the misallocation of control rights to heirs who make inefficient decisions, not because of extraction of pecuniary benefits.     

An appraisal framework for evaluating financing approaches for public infrastructure

Innovative financing solutions for public infrastructure megaprojects require new approaches to assess the various financing portfolios being proposed. This paper discusses a range of international financing models and presents a new multi- criteria appraisal framework for assessing alternative ways of raising capital. The proposed framework combines elements of a multi-criteria analysis and cost benefit analysis, and incorporates both monetary and intangible impact measures to facilitate the selection of a financing approach that is in society’s best interest.     

The optimum quantity of money rule in the theory of public finance

This paper examines optimal tax policy in a monetary economy in which money serves as an intermediate good that helps facilitate the conversion of scarce resources into final consumption goods by enabling consumers to economize on the costs of transacting. It is shown that in such an environment, even though distorting taxes must be levied for revenue purposes, the optimal tax structure calls for abstaining from inflationary finance and adopting the optimum quantity of money rule.