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1.
We quantify the effects of non‐tariff measures on the extensive margin of trade, examining the number of countries exporting particular products to Canada, the European Union, New Zealand and the United States. We find that non‐tariff measures that impose a conformity requirement, that is, testing, certification or inspection, will reduce the number of countries exporting to these markets. Conformity requirements imposed for sanitary or phytosanitary reasons have the largest effect in Canada, reducing the number of exporting countries by 47% compared to the situation where no compliance requirement is imposed. Conformity requirements imposed for other reasons covered by the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade have the largest effect in Canada and New Zealand, reducing the number of exporting countries by 27% compared to the situation where no compliance requirement is imposed. However, we generally find a statistically significant positive effect for nontariff measures that do not impose a compliance burden, suggesting that such measures may facilitate trade. 相似文献
2.
根据HS八分位将钢铁行业分为204类产品,并利用我国与168个国家(地区)的16748个出口数据将出口分解为广度边际(EM)、集约边际(IM)、价格因子(P)和数量因子(X),从二元边际的角度分析我国钢铁产品出口增长的途径,实证表明:集约边际对钢铁出口增长的作用大于广度边际,国家间出口的差异来源于数量因子,而价格因子的国家间差异较小;此外,经济规模、经济发展水平以及贸易成本对出口边际影响显著,但影响程度具有差异性. 相似文献
3.
本文根据中韩自贸协定的关税承诺表,将中韩双方贸易产业分成敏感产业、半敏感产业和非敏感产业,并从降税优惠幅度、降税方式及比例、过渡期的设置等3方面对这3类产业的降税特点进行分类比较,发现中方对其敏感产业的降税力度要比韩方稍大,对非敏感产业的降税力度稍小于韩方,而对半敏感产业,中韩双方旗鼓相当。结合2012~2016年中韩各产业进出口贸易额,分析中韩自贸协定对中韩产业的进出口影响,发现在敏感和半敏感产业上,中国对双方降税优惠安排的利用更加充分,中国的降税安排在总体上也比韩国更能促进双方贸易自由化。但同时,中国的部分敏感产业也受到了中韩自贸协定的负面冲击,对此在产业结构升级、负面清单等方面提出应对之策。 相似文献
4.
This paper examines the formation of bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) on the basis of country heterogeneity in the tariff level. We demonstrate that a country's unilateral incentive to form an FTA depends on the relative magnitudes of the (negative) market concession effect and the (positive) market expansion effect, both of which are determined by the tariff levels of the two FTA partner countries. Global welfare is maximised when all country pairs form FTAs. Two countries in equilibrium are more likely to form an FTA when their tariff gap is smaller or when their tariff levels are neither very high nor very low. This finding is robust to several extensions of the model. Our preliminary empirical analysis provides some evidence for the finding. 相似文献
5.
本文采用中国海关数据库和OECD编制的TFIs指数,从出口企业-目的地层面分析了出口目的地贸易便利化对中国企业出口二元边际的影响。研究显示:目的地贸易便利化的提升对中国企业出口额增长有显著的促进作用,但企业的出口增长是通过缩小出口产品种类数(扩展边际)、扩大产品平均出口额(集约边际)实现的。拓展分析表明:随着目的地贸易便利化水平的提升,小企业和加工贸易企业会更多地缩小出口产品种类;低收入经济体贸易便利化提升对中国企业出口扩展边际的消极影响更大。据此,企业应专业化、规模化地生产有比较优势的产品,不断提升自身生产率,积极应对贸易便利化带来的机遇和挑战。 相似文献
6.
Maggie Xiaoyang Chen John S. Wilson Tsunehiro Otsuki 《The journal of international trade & economic development》2013,22(4):501-523
Standards and technical regulations set in importing countries have become a rising concern to exporters, especially to those in developing countries. This paper examines the importance of various types of standards in developing-country firms' export decisions. Drawn from the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Survey database, we find that different types of standards exhibit sharply distinct relations with firms' intensive and extensive margins of exports. Quality standards are positively correlated not only with firms' average export volume across markets and products but also their export scope, measured by the number of export markets and products. A similar relationship is found between labeling requirements and export scope. Certification procedures, however, are associated with a significant decline in the number of export markets and export products. Our results suggest that different approaches should be taken to address each type of technical regulations. Not all standards need to be negotiated away to boost trade, but negotiations on certification procedures with the aim of reaching Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) can help firms improve economies of scale and scope. 相似文献
7.
以周边国家为基础加快实施自由贸易区战略是未来中国对外经济政策的重点.本文使用CEPII-BACI数据库1995~2012年中国对东盟各国的HS-6位数产品的出口贸易数据,探究了中国—东盟自贸区建立前后中国对东盟出口的二元边际结构及其决定因素.研究发现,中国对东盟的出口以集约边际为主,但自贸区的成立有效地促进了扩展边际的提升;中国—东盟自贸区对二元边际都有促进作用,但对集约边际的影响更大.结果表明,中国的自贸区战略仍处于浅度一体化的阶段,应该提高合作水平,向深度一体化发展. 相似文献
8.
Anh T. N. Nguyen 《The World Economy》2019,42(9):2649-2667
This study investigates determinants of bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) on both margins, the extensive margin (whether to invest) and the intensive margin (how much to invest), based on the recent structural gravity model for FDI developed by Anderson et al. (Trade and investment in the global economy. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 2017). I examine a global data set comprised of 110 countries over 9 years, 2004–12. Apart from conventional gravity variables, the source country's technology capital shows a significant and positive impact on both FDI margins. Bilateral investment treaties play a significant role only in determining the extensive margin. Results on FDI stocks and FDI flows can lead to different conclusions; thus, research should consult both types of data series to find which variables have robust effects. Furthermore, breaking down the sample by country development levels reveals that FDI from less‐developed countries (LDCs) is not affected by many common variables, and thus, there is a need to develop more theories and empirical work to investigate the FDI from LDCs in particular. 相似文献
9.
理论分析了双向知识产权保护对出口国出口三元边际的影响,并选取2005—2015年中国出口到世界65个国家的HS-6位贸易数据,构建引力模型进行了实证验证。主要结论是,国内加强知识产权保护可以提升中国的出口种类和数量,贸易伙伴国加强知识产权保护可以提升中国的出口种类;没有证据表明,国内或国外知识产权保护水平的提升会影响中国的出口价格;当国内知识产权保护更强时,双向知识产权保护对中国出口种类的促进作用都有所增强,反之则二者作用都不显著;分国家类型的研究表明,双向知识产权保护的同时加强更有益于中国向发展中国家出口产品种类的扩张,但对发达国家则不显著。 相似文献
10.
随着世界贸易自由化进程的发展,关税减让,尤其是零关税协议成为世界各国关注的焦点.中国加入世贸组织后,利用五年的时间已基本实现了其"入世"承诺;非但如此,中国还与某些贸易伙伴签订了零关税协议,进一步降低了其平均关税水平.目前,中国的零关税机制仍处于发展初期,产生了一定的贸易创造效应,但中国仍需更合理、更策略和更有效地发展零关税机制,从而在全球经济一体化和贸易自由化的进程中获取更大的经济利益. 相似文献
11.
Ville Kaitila 《The World Economy》2019,42(3):711-737
We analyse the number of different HS8 products in the EU countries’ exports in 1995–2015. We review what share, or coverage, of the total possible number of these products the countries have exported each year. The EU15 countries have typically witnessed a slow rise in this coverage rate, that is, a widening of their extensive margins. The exception is Finland where the share has declined considerably. On the other hand, Ireland, Greece, Portugal and the new member countries have seen a dramatic increase in their export product coverage. We analyse how the development in the coverage rate and, as a comparison, the diversification of exports as measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman index are associated with GDP per capita growth. We find that changes in the former measure are positively associated with economic growth after we have controlled for GDP per capita catching‐up as well as investment and export activity. We also find that smaller EU economies do not specialise more than large ones in their exports as could perhaps be assumed. 相似文献
12.
Baybars Karacaovali 《Journal of International Economics》2008,74(2):299-327
Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are characterized by liberalization with respect to only a few partners and thus they can potentially clash with, and retard multilateral trade liberalization (MTL). Yet there is almost no systematic evidence on whether the numerous existing PTAs actually affect MTL. We provide a model showing that PTAs hinder MTL unless they entail accession to a customs union with internal transfers. Using product-level tariffs negotiated by the European Union (EU) in the last two multilateral trade rounds we find that several of its PTAs have clashed with its MTL. However, this effect is absent for EU accessions. Moreover, we provide new evidence on the political economy determinants of trade policy in the EU. 相似文献
13.
The paper examines the formation of free trade agreements (FTAs) as a network formation game. We consider an n-country model in which (possibly asymmetric) countries trade differentiated industrial commodities. We show that if all countries are symmetric, the complete FTA network is pairwise stable and it is the unique stable network if industrial commodities are not highly substitutable. We also compare FTAs and customs unions (CUs) as to which of these two regimes facilitates global trade liberalization, noticing that unlike CUs, each signatory of an FTA can have another FTA without consent of other member countries. 相似文献
14.
Three years ago, very few economists would have imagined that one of the newest and fastest growing research areas in international trade is the use of quantitative trade models to estimate the economic welfare losses from dissolutions of major countries' economic integration agreements (EIAs). In 2016, \"Brexit\" was passed in a UK referendum. Moreover, in 2019, the existence of the entire North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is at risk if the US withdraws—a threat President Trump has made if the proposed US–Mexico–Canada Agreement is not passed by the US Congress. We use state‐of‐the‐art econometric methodology to estimate the partial (average treatment) effects on international trade flows of the six major types of EIAs. Armed with precise estimates of the average treatment effect for a free trade agreement, we examine the general equilibrium trade and welfare effects of the elimination of NAFTA (and for robustness US withdrawal only). Although all the member countries' standards of living fall, surprisingly the smallest economy, Mexico, is not the biggest loser; Canada is the biggest loser. Canada's welfare (per capita income) loss of 2.11% is nearly two times that of Mexico's loss of 1.15% and is nearly eight times the US' loss of 0.27%. The simulations will illustrate the important influence of trade costs—international and intranational—in contributing to the gains (or losses) from an EIA's formation (or elimination). 相似文献
15.
文章在企业异质性视角下,利用修正后的引力模型,分析了影响2004~2007年中国制造业29个子产业出口的因素。研究表明多数子产业同质性程度较高,产出和出口主要集中于众多中小企业。考虑企业异质性情形下,产业内出口规模对贸易壁垒引起的贸易成本变化更加敏感。研究也发现较之距离缩短,技术性贸易措施减少引起的贸易成本降低有更明显的贸易促进效应。 相似文献
16.
Robin Visser 《The World Economy》2019,42(1):197-225
This study addresses current gaps in the empirical literature regarding the effect of diplomatic representation on trade using a panel data set for 100 countries with 5‐year interval data from 1985 to 2005 and four‐digit level industry data. The results indicate that the effect of diplomatic representation on exports in differentiated goods is positive and significant and larger than on exports in homogeneous goods on average, but not statistically different from it. Furthermore, diplomatic representation only increases trade along the extensive margin and not along the intensive margin. The results indicate that diplomatic representation is effective in performing its function as a network search intermediary and that it is a useful policy tool to alleviate market failure. 相似文献
17.
从2010年到2012年,韩国与美国、欧盟签署的自贸协定先后生效,中国—东盟和韩国—东盟自贸区的经济效应也逐步显现,这都使中韩两国的进出口结构和产业结构发生一定变化,进而影响到中韩自贸协定的经济效应。本文将已经生效的自贸协定的关税减让情况和中韩两国可能作为关税减让的例外部门考虑在内,采用GTAP模型对中韩自贸区的经济效应进行了再研究,从国内生产总值、进出口和生产部门3个方面比较了中韩自贸协定经济效应的变化情况,从而为我国制定相关谈判战略提供更加准确的数据支撑。 相似文献
18.
2011年7月1日欧盟韩国自由贸易协定生效实施。该协定成为各自经济体与贸易伙伴签署的最大的自由贸易协定。该协定既是双边密切经济关系的需要,也是各自实施FTA战略的结果。欧盟韩国自由贸易协定是迄今为止在全球范围很全面的贸易自由化协定,开放深度和广度远远超过世界贸易组织。欧盟韩国自由贸易协定的出现推动了区域经济一体化的进程。韩国目前在中日韩三国各自实施FTA战略上占据了有利的地位。 相似文献
19.
Processing trade is an important exporting mode for many countries developed by the export-oriented industrialisation such as 1960s Japan, 1990s Korea and 2000s China. Exporters who rely on processing trade for foreign profits do not enjoy much market power, and hence care more about exchange rate changes. We develop a model to illustrate how processing trade affects exporters' responses to exchange rate fluctuations. The model suggests that the elasticity of export price with respect to exchange rate for processing-trade exporters is greater than that of the ordinary-trade exporters, while the elasticity of export quantity of processing-trade exporters is smaller compared to their ordinary-trade counterparts. Most developing countries' governments offer processing-trade exporters better tax/tariff reduction policy to encourage exporting, which grants processing-trade exporters additional advantage to adjust more on export price and less on quantity when facing changes in exchange rate and therefore causes their different responses to exchange rate fluctuations. We find strong empirical supports by studying the data from China, which is the largest developing country and biggest processing-trade exporter. 相似文献
20.
Marie M. Stack;Emmanuel B. Amissah;Martin Bliss; 《The World Economy》2024,47(5):2122-2146
Economic integration ranks as one of the leading development strategies in Africa. The newly created African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the proposed Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA) linking three major regional blocks offer a new impetus to studying trade policy effects. Using a structural gravity model of bilateral manufacturing trade between the African Union member states and all countries in the world, the trade effects of African economic integration agreements (EIAs) are assessed. The findings suggest that economic integration, in aggregate, enhances total African exports. Disaggregating the effects by type of agreement and by subgroups of countries, free trade agreements (FTAs) and partial scope agreements (PSAs) are found to increase extra-African exports, but have no effects on intra-African exports. A positive and significant effect on intra-African exports is introduced when the FTA dummy is combined with AfCFTA in contrast to a neutral effect stemming from the joint FTA-TFTA dummy. The findings suggest that a continent-wide FTA yields greater benefits when compared with integrating the subregions. 相似文献