国际贸易中的战略性环境政策

由于传统的贸易政策工具,如关税、补贴等,受到世贸组织规则的限制,各国政府不得不寻求其他政策工具来转移租金,便考虑在产业和贸易政策的“武库”中添加项目,诸如排污标准、减污补贴、排污税。为了保持国际竞争力,环境政策已经演变成产业政策、贸易政策。以不完全竞争为基础的战略性环境政策理论,为在自由贸易约束下,各国政府如何寻求其他政策工具转移租金、提供了新的研究思路。     

贸易自由化背景下战略性环境政策理论研究脉络——基于模型构建视角的文献综述

作为战略性贸易政策受自由贸易协定约束在环境领域的新变异形式,战略性环境政策是国际贸易理论与环境经济学学科交叉的产物。本文在即时更新与丰富文献基础上基于理论模型构建视角,以理论背景、理论基础、基本理论框架及其拓展为线索,逐步呈现战略性环境政策的理论研究脉络。尤其剖析了理论模型赖以建立的各基本假设条件由严格到逐步放松的拓展中,战略性环境政策得以刻画出日益丰满的现实世界,由此展现其延续且旺盛的理论和现实生命力。     

浅析战略性贸易政策下的补贴

战略性贸易政策是国际贸易理论发展的产物,其重要观点是主张政府采取战略性措施进行干预,以提高本国福利,补贴是政府扶植产业的重要手段,而建立在多边贸易体制上的WTO有关补贴与反补贴协议对补贴进行了严格规定,如何在不违背WTO反补贴协议的前提下,对战略性产业进行有效补贴,是值得我们思考的。     

Strategic Trade Policy and Network Compatibility

We consider strategic trade policy for information and communication technology (ICT) product markets with international rivalry. Usually, ICT products exhibit network externalities and product compatibility (i.e., network compatibility). We demonstrate that the optimal strategic trade policy depends on the degree of network compatibility of ICT products. Furthermore, using an endogenous decision game for strategic variables (i.e., quantity and price), we consider the relationship between the optimal strategic trade policies and the endogenous mode of competition.     

国外环境行为政策工具研究

环境政策工具是促进实施环境行为的重要措施,研究国外的环境政策工具对我国制定和实施有关举措有着现实意义和指导意义。通过研究发现,国外基于个体环境行为的政策工具总体包括命令型工具、经济型工具、服务型工具、沟通型工具和扩散型工具五大类别,各种工具的有效性各有不同,法律法规、金钱奖励和惩罚、提供便利服务、社会压力等这些外部因素的综合运用更能影响个人的环境行为。所以只有综合利用好各种工具才能实现政策工具的效果。     

An Exploration of Factors Influencing Inward Technology Licensing Performance

This article describes an exploratory study of firms' performance in the use of technology licensed from foreign non-affiliate companies. It focuses on identifying the factors that distinguish between licensee firms with high and low performance. The results suggest that a firm's internal distictive competencies in manufacturing and marketing; and mangers' perceived costs and bengits of inward licensing significantly explain the firm's performance in the use of licensed technology.     

Market Share Delegation and Strategic Trade Policy

Strategic delegation analysis has been limited to sales delegation cases, until Jansen et al. (International Journal of Industrial Organization 25:531–539, 2007) presented the case of market share delegation. In international trade theory, export rivalry and import protection have always attracted considerable attention. This paper assesses the influence upon optimal trade policy of introducing market share delegation in a trade duopoly context. It shows that delegation matters, and different forms of delegation coupled with asymmetric costs will imply different degrees of government intervention.

从战略性贸易政策的视角来看欧盟食糖政策

食糖产业是一种特殊产业,产糖国政府在食糖生产、消费以及贸易方面的干预使食糖市场成为世界上扭曲最严重的市场之一。近几年来,要求欧盟进行食糖体制改革的呼声很大,关于食糖贸易的纠纷也时有发生,因此,本文特别选择食糖产业作为研究对象,分析欧盟国家如何通过战略性贸易政策来保护本国(区域)的食糖产业,使其在市场竞争和国际贸易中处于一种人为的优势地位。     

战略性贸易政策理论研究最新进展

本文首先介绍了战略贸易政策理论的基本模型扩展研究,其次主要就2000年以后国外学者对于该理论及其模型在产业竞争优势、公司所有权构成、产业集中度、战略联盟、委托竞争、产业整合等方面的研究成果进行综述,最后对战略贸易政策理论的最新发展做了简要评述。     

我国战略性贸易政策实践

本文对改革开放以来我国的战略性贸易政策实践进行了分析。虽然我国政府从未明确提出要实行战略性贸易政策,但是通过和日本经济高速增长时期的战略性贸易政策相比较,可以发现,在我国广泛推行的产业政策中,战略性贸易政策早就存在。只是由于产业组织政策失效所导致的市场竞争程度低下,使得我国战略性贸易政策的实施效果很不理想。因此,协调产业政策和竞争政策,打破地方保护,建立国内统一大市场就成为我国今后战略性贸易政策成功的关键。     

战略性贸易政策理论的新发展

战略性贸易政策理论是在 2 0世纪 80年代初提出并建立的 ,该理论有两个基本模型 ,即第三国市场模型和相互倾销模型。其基本结论认为 :政府可以通过一定的干预政策改变本国厂商与外国厂商之间的博弈关系 ,使博弈的结果有利于本国厂商 ,进而提高国民福利。这便为政府的贸易干预提供了新的理论基础 ,引起了政界、学界的极大关注 ,出现了大量的研究文献。本文旨在较完整地概括该理论近 2 0年的发展 ,特别着重于最新的研究成果 ,以供贸易政策研究者参考 ,把握当今贸易政策研究的理论前沿。     

战略性贸易政策理论研究的新思路

战略性贸易政策理论兴起于20世纪80年代,经过20多年的发展,其两个基本理论内涵被众多学者从诸多领域进行了扩展。本文将这一理论的扩展归纳为以下五个方面:基本模型的扩展、引入不完全信息和信息不对称、政策工具选择的新视角、贸易产品的新视角、各国和世界整体福利的新视角。     

Strategic Trade Policy through the Tax System

If conventional instruments of strategic trade policy are unavailable, the system of foreign profit taxation and transfer price guidelines may serve as surrogate policy instruments. In this paper, I consider a model where firms from two countries compete with each other on a market in a third country. Both firms have affiliates in the third country where (part of) the production takes place. I analyse optimal policy choices of the firms' residence countries aiming at strategically manipulating the competitiveness of their firms. I show that, first, countries prefer the tax exemption system over the tax credit system if there is no intra‐firm trade. Second, if the headquarters provide inputs for production in the affiliate, countries prefer the tax exemption system if the transfer price for these inputs is close to the headquarters' variable cost and if the residence country's tax rate is high. However, if transfer prices are high and the residence country's tax rate is low, I show that the tax credit system is an optimal tax policy choice for both countries. From a policy perspective, the view that the tax exemption system is generally the best policy response if domestic firms' competitiveness is a policy goal has to be qualified.     

WTO贸易救济措施与战略性贸易政策

战略性贸易政策主要是通过征收关税、提供出口补贴和数量限制等措施来扶持本国的产业,提高竞争优势,在市场上占领更大的市场份额。WTO是当今世界多边贸易体制的组织和法律基础。GATT经历了八轮贸易谈判后,关税大幅度降低,一些补贴也不允许使用,这对成员方战略性贸易政策措施的使用起到了限制作用。与此同时,WTO的反倾销、反补贴和保障措施等贸易救济措施目前却成为了一些国家实施战略性贸易政策的新工具。本文阐述了WTO贸易救济措施的相关规定对战略性贸易政策的常用工具关税、补贴和数量限制行使的影响及我国应采取的对策。     

浅议战略性贸易政策在我国的适用性

战略性贸易政策是以规模经济和产品差别化为基础的不完全竞争模型。通过对该贸易政策理论基本内容、实施中所需的条件的阐述,为战略性贸易政策在我国的适用性进行判断。并结合中国现有的市场经济体制、市场结构、产业结构和政府的行为素质,对战略性贸易政策在中国实施的政治经济条件进行分析,判断战略性贸易政策在中国特定行业的可行性。     

Morality and Rationality in Environmental Policy

The "Moralist" camp takes environmental morale to be essential in order to save nature. The "Rationalist" camp, mainly represented by economists, takes market-based instruments solely relying on extrinsic motivation to be both necessary and sufficient for a successful environmental policy. Recently, the moralists have learned to appreciate economists' incentive instruments, and rationalists have learned that environmental morale is required to find political support for the introduction of their preferred instruments.Intrinsic motivation in the form of environmental morale is moreover closely connected to the extrinsic motivation via crowding effects. Economic incentives – in particular tradeable emission rights and emission taxes – tend to undermine environmental morale while policy instruments tend to raise it.An environmental policy based on complementarity is able to exploit the advantages, and to weaken the disadvantages, of the policies proposed by the two camps. Market-based instruments should be accompanied by policies informing and inviting the consumers to engage. In addition, possibilities to participate in the decision-making about environmental policy should be offered (preferably via direct democracy), and the policy should be decided and undertaken at the lowest possible level, normally the local community level.     

中国战略贸易政策的选择

加入世贸组织以后,我国必须继续降低关税壁垒、大幅度削减非关税壁垒、进一步开放市场,我国的对外贸易必须纳入世贸组织的规则与框架。同时,我国正处于经济转型阶段,市场经济的各方面制度尚不完善,经济总体实力还不强,因此,在对外贸易领域里,我国政府制定的贸易政策应该在世贸组织的规则与框架内,以本国经济利益为基本出发点,有利于本国企业参与国内外两个市场激烈的竞争,不断提高国际竞争力。实行战略性R&D投入政策是一个符合国际惯例的现实选择,有利于我国对外贸易和国民经济的长远利益。     

合作保护品牌

美国海关实施品牌保护涉及到海关程序的多个方面,但海关的执法程序主要包括两个阶段：扣押与没收。在这两个阶段里,商标所有人可以亲自参与执法过程,告知海关如何识别他们的品牌,并且收集有关非法流入美国的伪造品信息。