The Determinants of Nicaraguan Nonagricultural Exporters: A Firm-Level Perspective

Nicaragua, as a small emerging market with a challenging history of economic and political turmoil, is understudied within the international business context. Utilizing the World Bank's 2010 Nicaragua Enterprise Survey, this article explores which nonagricultural Nicaraguan firms are best suited to export. Important findings include firm location, firm size, ownership composition, performance, firm industry, firm quality programs, and firm origin in the informal sector. These findings are discussed within the Nicaraguan context.     

美国有机食品业发展现状

<正> 美国有机食品业创建时仅仅生产有机水果和蔬菜,目前已经发展成为生产种类繁多的有机食品和纤维产品的产业。美国的朝阳行业美国的有机食品业在过去10年中发展迅猛。根据美国农业部经济研究局的统计,1997年美国大陆49个州的有机农产品生产面积共有     

A Comparison of the Characteristics of Canadian and U.K. Exporters by Firm Size

As part of an ongoing study aimed at investigating the determinants of succesful export management, this paper compares characteristics of a new sample of 126 small, medium, and large English exporters with comparable data from 116 Canadian exporters. U.K exporters sold to more countries, had been selling longer, and had a wider product line than corresponding Canadian exporters. Canadian firms concentrated on the U.S. market, had been experiencing a greater increase in export sales, and were more likely to have greater profits in the export market than the domestic market.     

“Minding Our Business”: What the United States Government has done and can do to Ensure that U.S. Multinationals Act Responsibly in Foreign Markets

The United States Government does not mandate that US based firms follow US social and environmental law in foreign markets. However, because many developing countries do not have strong human rights, labor, and environmental laws, many multinationals have adopted voluntary corporate responsibility initiatives to self-regulate their overseas social and environmental practices. This article argues that voluntary actions, while important, are insufficient to address the magnitude of problems companies confront as they operate in developing countries where governance is often inadequate. The United States can do more to ensure that its multinationals act responsibly everywhere they operate. First, policymakers should define the social and environmental responsibilities of global companies. They must consistently make their expectations for global business clear – and underscore that this objective can often be accomplished without mandates. Second, the US should closely examine the policies that undermine global Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and address the many conflicting signals sent by policymakers. Third, the President should make the US government a CSR model by examining how to use its purchasing power to promote human rights. Finally, the US government should require pension funds to report on the social and environmental consequences of their investments. In these ways, Americans can mind our business – and thus make sure that US based firms do not undermine social and environmental progress when they operate in the developing world. Susan Aaronson is Senior Fellow and Director of Globalization Studies at the Kenan Institute Washington Center, an arm of the Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill. Her scholarly research focuses on international investment and social responsibility issues. Aaronson devised and directed a study, funded by the Ford, UN and Levi Strauss Foundations, that examined how U.S. public policies can promote or undermine global corporate social responsibility. She is now beginning a Levi-Strauss funded project on trade and human rights. Aaronson is a frequent speaker on public understanding of globalization issues and the author of four books on globalization including, Taking Trade to the Streets: The Lost History of Public Efforts to Shape Globalization (Michigan: 2001).     

美国TPA法案表决的政治经济学分析

本文从政治经济学的角度探讨美国众议员在新TPA法案表决中的投票选择。以425名众议员为样本,运用完全信息极大似然法进行模型估计和模拟分析。主要实证结果如下:利益集团的政治捐款和众议员的意识形态都显著影响议员投票,其可在一定程度上解释议员投票选择上的政党差异;选区经济社会特征对议员投票无显著影响。实证结果支持"保护待售"模型,但议员们并未完全被金钱支配,他们对经济问题的意识观念也在较大程度上左右其投票选择。研究结论对预测乃至影响美国对华贸易政策具有较强的启示意义。     

Movies and the Mystery of the Missing Trade: Is Hollywood Good for U.S. Exporters?

Research has shown that consumers have a preference for goods based on the origin of production. This is important because it suggests that, in some cases, even lowering trade barriers may not significantly increase trade flows. In particular, flows may be lower than are predicted by trade theories such as Heckscher-Ohlin. Despite evidence that home consumption bias exists in many countries, it is only recently that research has begun to examine the sources of this bias.

This article fills a gap in the literature by testing a model that addresses the source of this consumption bias. The paper's model incorporates consumers' exposure to foreign products and culture through media imports and tourist visits as factors affecting consumers' preferences for foreign products. Using panel data from 19 countries, the article's results support the hypothesis that lagged exports of U.S. movies have a positive impact on other U.S. exports. Some evidence is also found of a positive effect of tourist visits on U.S. exports.

Since U.S. media exports may generate demand for other U.S. goods and services, opening up foreign media markets should receive a higher priority in U.S. trade negotiations. Another interesting implication of the paper is that overall U.S. export losses resulting from media piracy may be lower than previously calculated, as the consumption of pirated media products may increase demand for other U.S. exports.     

ATC后影响我国T&C产品对美国出口的主要贸易规则分析

本文分析了在《纺织品和服装协定》于2005年1月1日终止后,美国依据世贸组织框架下可适用于纺织品和服装贸易的中美有关双边和多边协定以及美国国内法对来自于中国的纺织品和服装产品实施包括数量限制在内的贸易措施的可能性,并阐释了它们各自的内在机理以及它们之间的法律关系。     

United Airlines Connects China and U.S. Capitals United now offers five daily nonstop flights from China to the U.S.

Following months of intense competition,United Airlines [NASDAQ:UAUA],the largest transpacific passenger carrier,connected for the first time ever the capitals of Washington,D.C.,and Beijing when its flight touched down at Beijing Capital International Airport at 14:20 on March 29.The service enables Washington.D.C.,to join 28 other world capitals in offering nonstop service to Beijing.     

《美国对等贸易法案》的立法动向及其对全球价值链的潜在影响

《美国对等贸易法案》的主要目的是扩大美国行政部门对其他国家征收关税的权力,允许行政部门与其他国家谈判贸易协定,并在确定存在对美国商品销售产生负面影响的贸易壁垒时征收关税。虽然只是一项立法草案,但其既有白宫贸易顾问彼得·纳瓦罗的积极推动,又有特朗普总统在国情咨文中明确提出要求国会支持和批准,反映了特朗普政府的扩权冲动。但该法案的立法基础存在明显问题,违背了WTO所确立的关税互惠和最惠国原则,并未整体考虑经济体之间的贸易结构及其客观存在的合理性,将使美国总统的单方面征税权利获得巨大扩张,使全球价值链的自然发展遭受不确定性的巨大困扰。无论该法案通过与否,都值得重点关注。     

The Distribution of U.S. Income and Food Expenditures

Food expenditure and income distributions over 1980–1985 are examined using two welfare criteria: less inequality and more available resources. Intertemporal changes in the distributions are studied from the perspectives of inequality, relative economic affluence, society's satisfaction with the distributions, asymmetries, and average propensities to spend. Major conclusions are that inequality has increased over time in both the income and food spending distributions, relative economic affluence has generally risen, society is less satisfied with the food spending distribution, and average propensities to spend on food have been constant.     

A Profile of Food Consumption Trends in the United States

In recent decades, gradual changes have been occuring in the socioeconomic environment and the demographic structure of the U.S. population. These changes, in combination with technological advancements in agriculture and marketing, have significantly influenced food consumption patterns. Changing food consumption patterns as well as emerging sources of food supply are impacting the entire food industry. To insure industry growth, food professionals need to continually monitor the activities and lifestyles of the buying public. The objectives of this article are: to provide an overview of food consumption trends during the last two decades, to identify factors responsible for such changes and finally, to discuss the effects of changes in domestic demand on the food industry.     

中美贸易战的美方逻辑分析

自2018年3月以来,美国逐步向中国挑起贸易战,对中美贸易造成了负面冲击。从贸易战本身和特朗普执政战略两个层面,运用国际贸易理论、前景理论和博弈论等理论对特朗普发动贸易战的逻辑进行分析,发动贸易战、尤其是全面的贸易战将在短期内为特朗普筹集到实行税改、增加军费、促进基建所需的部分资金,并扭转人们对于中美交往的看法,推动中美由合作路径转向对抗路径。基于以上分析,中国政府应在抗争中求合作、以时间换空间、加快推动改革和产业转型升级,练好内功方可应对外患。     

美国贸易法“301条款”与中美贸易争端

自2017年8月美国贸易代表办公室(United States Trade Representative,简称USTR)宣布对中国展开"301调查"至今,中美贸易争端历经缓和又走向极端,反反复复,摩擦持续升温。此次调查成为2010年之后美国依据"301条款"对中国展开的第六次调查,势必会对中美贸易产生重大影响。虽然"301条款"被国际社会诟病,但美国依然热衷于此,是"美国优先"以及逐渐凸显的单边主义思想所致。因此,为了保护我国国民利益,同时维护现有的良好国际经济秩序,对美国"301调查"制裁措施我国不能妥协也不能让步。中美贸易冲突不断升级,中国在采取反制措施的同时更要密切关注国内的人民币汇率等金融领域,企业更要有所准备,做好全面的应对措施。     

美国财险公司投资示范法研究与借鉴

《保险公司投资示范法》NAIC在美国影响广泛,对财险公司的投资规范涉及基本原则、准备金投资的特殊要求、分散投资规则,以及对有评级信用工具、投资集合工具、股票、抵押贷款、房地产、用于出租的个人财产、融券、回购和逆回购、衍生工具及外国投资等具体投资品种的限制措施,行文严密、科学合理。根据我国的实际,可以借鉴以下几点:鼓励价值投资、根据信用等级等安全性指标区分比例限制、明确比例限制的计算基数、从4个角度加以综合限制、注意对不同种类资产比例限制的协调性以便为统一法规的形成奠定基础、有意识地探索对寿险和财险公司的差别化限制措施。     

园艺产品输美面临的“合规性”贸易壁垒分析

研究美国对我国输美园艺产品发起的调查案件,发现:当前我国输美园艺产品遭遇的"合规性"贸易壁垒主要集中在反倾销和技术性贸易壁垒方面,但随着贸易的发展,面临的反倾销和保障措施的压力也在加剧。为此,建议企业和政府在应对"合规性"贸易壁垒中应该有进一步作为。     

Food safety knowledge and practices of consumers in the U.S.A.

Use of safe food handling practices in the home could reduce the number of foodborne illnesses. The objective of this project was to obtain baseline data on the safe food handling knowledge and practices of consumers to aid in the development of effective educational programmes. A food handling questionnaire was developed and completed by 426 Nebraskan respondents. Knowledge and practice questions were based on the most important contributory factors in reported foodborne illness outbreaks. Knowledge scores (correct responses) ranged from 2 to 29 with a mean of 20 ± 4. When compared with the knowledge score, the respondents' education level, where they lived and their sex were statistically significant. Almost all (96%) of the respondents stated that they practised safe food handling when persons were infected. Approximately half of the respondents indicated that they practised safe food handling when handling contaminated raw foods and using foods from unsafe sources. About 45% of the respondents inappropriately left foods at room temperature. One-third of the survey respondents improperly held hot foods. Cross-contamination was a concept understood by 75% of the respondents. Results indicate that food safety education should be targeted on specific groups who are less knowledgeable about safe food handling practices. Results also indicate that a number of respondents knew proper food handling concepts but did not put those concepts into practice. Therefore, increasing the adoption of safe food handling practices by consumers should become an important aspect for educators in food safety educational programmes.     

Commodities Must Begin to Act Like Branded Companies: Some Perspectives from the United States

The agricultural commodity industry needs to focus more on profits, less on value, and must change with the consumer. In short, a branded approach is needed. Households today are comprised of time-starved persons working outside of the home who have less experience shopping for and distinguishing between ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables and ones that may be overripe. Consumers want to place their trust in branded companies to give an official endorsement that the product is indeed good and worthy of purchase (e.g., Dole Brands, Sun-Maid Raisins). This change in the mindset of today's food shopper has provided an unprecedented opportunity for marketers of commodities to begin to act like branded companies by stamping the name of a well-known brand onto a commodity thereby guaranteeing its goodness and freshness. A profitable opportunity exists on the horizon for commodity marketers to behave in a manner that is more consistent with branded companies and today's consumer. A case history of Ocean Spray, which has recently faced a decision to protect the brand or sell off and take the risk of being a non-branded commodity in an extremely competitive market, is also discussed.     

1980-2003年美国反倾销实务定量分析

实务分析是研究美国反倾销行为的一个重要方面。文章从美国反倾销实务入手,对1980-2003年美国的反倾销申诉和反倾销裁决结果进行了数量和价值的定量分析,发展和补充了关于美国反倾销行为的传统观点,从而更全面合理地解读了美国的反倾销行为。     

The Impact of a Rising Dollar on the U.S. Economy

Since June 2014, the dollar has strengthened dramatically. The effects of such a rise—and its likely continuation—on the U.S. economy are many, complex, and often obscure and could affect a number of business decisions. In this paper, the authors investigate the impact of a 10 percent rise in the value of the dollar against all other currencies through the use of a macroeconometric model. They examine direct effects and the full range of indirect effects and find that through a number of negative feedback the indirect effects will significantly offset the direct effects on GDP, interest rates, and many other macroeconomic variables—including the value of the dollar itself.