Vertical Specialization Across Developed Countries

This article explains why a large part of vertical specialization in production takes place across developed countries. By introducing the concept “the Ideal Intermediate Good” it is shown that there are incentives for vertical collaboration between an intermediate good producer and a final good producer. The purpose of locating the intermediate good production in an identical host country is to come closer to the most suitable intermediate good. Thereby the variable costs in the final good production are reduced. When the final good production takes place in one company, we have a vertical integrated multinational enterprise, which splits its production across identical countries. By inclusion of internal economies of scale and transport costs the problem becomes much more complex, and a reallocation of welfare between the countries can be the result.     

发展中国家对发达国家产业内贸易分析

本文分析了发展中国家与发达国家的垂直型与水平型产业内贸易条件和机会.认为发展中国家与发达国家之间的垂直型产业内贸易仍是由要素禀赋差异引起的,依据劳动成本的比较优势和技术转移,发展中国家技术产品的贸易结构会不断上升,取得一种动态的比较利益;在一定条件下,发展中国家可以通过局部领域的高科技创新,超越要素禀赋分工基础,与发达国家进行水平型产业内贸易.文章指出,发展中国家应采取措施扶持国内高新技术产品的生产和出口,以期通过技术积累获取竞争优势,提升国际分工地位.     

关于发展中国家对发达国家直接投资的一个注解

分析对外直接投资,一是要区分投资动机和投资能力,投资动机是出发点,投资能力是基础;二是要区分投资国与被投资国的类型,类型的不同使得投资动机和能力均有不同.本文首先在区分投资国与被投资国类型的基础上对文献中的投资动机和能力分别加以综述,并提出问题;然后,提出一个发展中国家向发达国家直接投资的简单动机--取得市场"领先者"地位,并对投资能力加以解释;最后,得出相关结论.     

战略性贸易政策:发达国家与发展中国家的博弈

作为新贸易理论的主要内容之一,战略性贸易政策实质上是发达国家为自己的保护主义所寻求的借口和托词。它虽然在产业适用性和国家适用性方面设置了诸多限制,但印度软件业的发展是该政策得以在发展中国家成功实施的良好佐证。我国应该在市场培育、制度建设以及贸易政策与产业政策协调配合等方面进行强化,以利用战略性贸易政策来培育我国具有国际竞争力的产业。     

中国在发展中国家和发达国家中起到桥梁作用

<正> 世界贸易组织总干事素帕猜2003年11月10日在北京举行 WTO 新闻发布会时说,中国在发展中国家和发达国家中起到了桥梁作用。素帕猜说,中国加入世贸组织近两周年。世贸组织对中国进行第一次过渡性贸易政策审议时,对中国的审议结果很满意,但中国在知识产权、电信等领域还要作进一步的调整。目前世贸组织正在对中国进行第二次过渡性贸易审议,希望中国能够取得好的结果。     

On the Causal Links Between FDI and Growth in Developing Countries

We analyse the Granger causal relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI) and GDP in a sample of 31 developing countries covering 31 years. Using estimators for heterogeneous panel data we find bi‐directional causality between the FDI‐to‐GDP ratio and the level of GDP. FDI has a lasting impact on GDP, while GDP has no long‐run impact on the FDI‐to‐GDP ratio. In that sense FDI causes growth. Furthermore, in a model for GDP and FDI as a fraction of gross capital formation (GCF) we also find long‐run effects from FDI to GDP. This finding may be interpreted as evidence in favour of the hypotheses that FDI has an impact on GDP via knowledge transfers and adoption of new technology.     

南北矛盾下植物新品种保护的法律冲突

知识产权私权的本质和植物资源本身的特殊性使得植物品种的知识产权保护在国际层面上与注重生物多样性、食品安全、可持续发展的 CBD 公约产生冲突,这也是发达国家与发展中国家不同利益要求的冲突。各国必须在植物新品种的知识产权保护与生物资源的可持续发展中找到一个平衡点,发展中国家的任务尤其艰巨。     

产业内贸易与垂直专业化贸易比较及启示

二战以后,产业内贸易成为国际贸易主流,与此同时,在经济全球化背景下垂直专业化贸易也迅速发展起来.从理论上分析,这两种贸易形式产生、发展的基础和动因既有相同点又有区别.两种贸易形式存在密切关系,二者均以跨国公司为主体,并且垂直专业化构成产业内贸易的另一重要起因.文章对两种贸易形式的发展趋势、理论基础、相互关系进行了分析、比较,并在此基础上提出我国参与国际分工与贸易的相关启示.     

Agricultural Liberalisation and the Least Developed Countries: Six Fallacies

Today, agriculture remains the most distorted sector of the world economy. Therefore, agricultural liberalisation in the Doha negotiations is rightly the top priority. But the public‐policy discourse on the subject remains fogged by a number of fallacies. These fallacies probably originated with the leadership of the World Bank but have now been embraced by the IMF, OECD, Oxfam and the leading academic critics of globalisation. The paper identifies six fallacies and offers evidence and analysis to debunk them: (1) Agricultural border protection and subsidies are largely a developed‐country phenomenon. (2) Developed‐country agricultural subsidies and protection hurt the poorest developing countries most. (3) Developed‐country subsidies and protection hurt the poor, rural households in the poorest countries. (4) Developed‐country agricultural protection and subsidies constitute the principal barrier to the development of the poorest developing countries. (5) Agricultural protection reflects double standard and hypocrisy on the part of the developed countries. (6) What the donor countries give with one hand (aid), they take away with the other (farm subsidies).     

对我国垂直专业化贸易影响因素的实证研究

本文在经济理论分析的基础上,选取开放度、关税等制度性因素和国民生产总值、外商直接投资、邮电业务总量等非制度因素作为代表性变量,建立垂直专业化影响因素的计量模型;利用SPSS统计软件,对变量数据进行相关性分析和主成分分析,得到了合理的计量经济模型;通过实证分析明确了各因素对促进我国垂直专业化贸易的不同作用及影响机制,并提出了相关政策建议。     

垂直专业化与我国制造业技术进步

以Hummels et al.(2001)的测算方法为基础,利用OECD提供的我国1995-2005年的投入产出表,测算了我国制造业的国际垂直化水平,并用行业面板数据考察了垂直专业分工对技术进步的影响。研究结果表明:垂直专业化通过专业化分工、中间产品贸易、人才流动和产业链的上下游关联效应,对制造业技术进步有明显的促进作用。分组回归结果表明:垂直专业化对技术进步的影响在技术水平、行业集中度与出口依存度等行业分组指标下存在明显的区别。     

Developing Countries at Doha: A Political Economy Analysis

This paper offers a political economy analysis of the Doha Ministerial Conference with special reference to developing countries. One of my key objectives is to understand the politics underlying the negotiations with a view to assessing the influence developing countries exerted on the outcome and the success they achieved in relation to the Uruguay Round Agreement, which is widely perceived as favouring mainly if not exclusively the developed countries. The main conclusions of the paper may be summarised as follows. First, with trade liberalisation as its central focus, the Doha negotiating agenda is to be welcomed from the viewpoint of developing countries. Second, the opposition by developing countries to the inclusion of at least some of the Singapore issues at Doha is defensible. Among other things, the countries lack the necessary negotiating and implementation capacity. Third, while the UR Agreement benefited both developing and developed countries, on balance, it benefited the latter more. The Doha outcome offers a better balance when taken by itself but does not go so far as to significantly correct the imbalance in the UR Agreement. Fourth, despite this better balance, the Doha negotiations offer little evidence of a shift in the relative bargaining powers of developing and developed countries. Nor can the superficially development friendly language of the Doha Declaration be viewed as signalling the softening of the tough negotiating stance developed countries took during the UR Round. Fifth, much of the negotiating power continues to reside with developed countries. Relatively equal levels of incomes gives greater coherence to interests of developed countries on issues that divide along North–South lines. Moreover, the presence of three large players – the USA, EU and Japan – allows them to exploit their bargaining power more effectively. Finally, to negotiate more effectively in the future, developing countries must improve their research capacity, think strategically and forge coalitions with other influential WTO members – whether developed or developing.     

Organizational Ethics in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis

Relationships with one’s employees, co-workers, or superiors create ethical dilemmas. Employees’ judgments and ethical perceptions have been extensively studied in Western cultures, but not in developing countries. The purpose of this investigation is to examine employees’ self-reported work-related ethics and compare them to their perceptions of co-workers’ and top managements’ along various morally challenging situations in three developing countries’ organizations. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Oman, known as the Gulf countries, were selected as the research setting – and provided the sampling frame – for this study. The results suggest that respondents perceived all ethically challenging situations as unethical and had significant differences among themselves regarding the ethical perceptions of self, as compared to perceptions of peers’, and top managements’. Discussion of the results and implications are provided.     

FDI模式的国际比较与中国的选择--对我国FDI模式存在问题的思考

我国引进外资战略实施20多年来,FDI对中国经济的影响正受到越来越多的关注,在目前中国FDI模式下,FDI战略的成本和收益孰大孰小,值得我们仔细权衡.本文拟在前人的研究基础之上,通过比较分析的方法,从FDI规模、结构以及国民经济对FDI的依赖性等方面进行国际比较,找出中国在利用FDI方面存在的缺陷和差距,从而为我国下一阶段的引进外资战略提供参考.     

养老金计划改革的宏观经济影响:中国与发达国家的比较研究

介绍了在人口老化背景下,以经合组织成员为首的发达国家的不同养老金改革方案的宏观经济影响,研究了发达国家公共养老金改革方案(如延迟退休年龄改革方案)在中国的适用性问题、公共养老金市场化改革方案的优势与安全性问题,提出了适合中国的养老金改革政策建议.     

发达国家服务贸易壁垒研究及对我国的启示

当前,各发达国家在大力促进服务市场开放的同时,又纷纷设置服务贸易壁垒来保护本国市场。本文在介绍服务贸易壁垒的基础上,比较了美国、欧盟和日本的服务贸易壁垒并分析其所产生的经济效应,对我国服务市场的开放和保护将有所启示。     

养老金计划改革的宏观经济影响：中国与发达国家的比较研究

介绍了在人口老化背景下,以经合组织成员为首的发达国家的不同养老金改革方案的宏观经济影响,研究了发达国家公共养老金改革方案(如延迟退休年龄改革方案)在中国的适用性问题、公共养老金市场化改革方案的优势与安全性问题,提出了适合中国的养老金改革政策建议.     

A synthesis of the Heckscher-Ohlin and the neoclassical models of international trade

In this paper we provide a synthesis between the neoclassical and the Heckscher-Ohlin models of international trade by developing the properties of a two-sector, three-factor model. The neoclassical model, where one or more factors are specific to one or both industries, and the Heckscher-Ohlin model, where two (or all factors) are nonspecific, then can be analyzed as special cases of our model. The theorems by Rybczynski, Stolper and Samuelson, Jones and Chipman, among others, are reexamined in terms of our generalized model.