产业内贸易与公司内贸易规模的决定

交易效率对产业内贸易与公司内贸易模式和贸易规模演变具有影响.国际贸易是实现规模报酬递增的重要途径,但其实现要取决于交易效率的水平.产业内贸易中产品种类数增加导致交易成本上升,为了节约交易成本,公司内贸易形成,但公司内贸易规模的扩大又使其自身的规模边界形成.文章还讨论了公司内贸易所具有的成本优势和策略优势,以及研发竞争过程中公司内贸易规模的变化.     

制度质量、制度稳定性与对外贸易:一项实证研究

高质量的制度是贸易促进型的,而制度变迁对贸易的影响却是不确定的。即使是正向制度的变迁,在短期内也可能会因为制度的不稳定性而产生阻碍对外贸易发展的转型成本。文章利用1995～2009年105个国家的样本平均每5年期的面板数据,从法律制度、微观经济制度和宏观经济制度三个维度来综合考察制度质量和制度稳定性对一国对外贸易的影响,结果表明:一国的制度质量越高、稳定性越强,其对外贸易增长就越快。制度质量对国际贸易促进作用的发挥,需要制度的稳定性作保障,制度质量和制度稳定性在促进对外贸易的发展方面具有协同作用。     

Interacting factor endowments and trade costs: A multi-country, multi-good approach to trade theory

We provide a synthetic analysis of the different ways in which countries participate in the world economy. Classic trade questions are reconsidered by generalizing a factor-proportions model to multiple countries, multiple goods or multi-stage production, and country-specific trade costs. Each country's production specialization, trade and welfare is determined by the interaction between its relative endowment and its trade costs. We consider the effects of allowing one good to ‘fragment’ into component and assembly production. The volume of trade and welfare levels are higher with fragmentation for most countries, although for many countries these variables fall with fragmentation.     

Offshoring and occupational wages: Some empirical evidence

Offshoring has changed the pattern of international competition; labor in specific occupations rather than whole firms and sectors are now facing competition. Accordingly, wages in offshorable occupations are affected in new ways. In this article, we investigate the effects of offshoring on relative occupational wages in 13 countries for 1990–2003. Our findings show that offshoring competiveness is associated with higher relative wages in offshorable occupations, and that export growth of IT-related services leads to higher relative wages in offshorable occupations, whereas import growth of such services reduces them.     

贸易引力模型的扩展及应用综述

引力模型在双边贸易流量决定因素实证研究中的应用越来越广泛,其理论基础也越来越完善。早期对贸易引力模型的扩展主要体现在研究区域经济合作对双边贸易流量的影响上,近期人们开始通过添加制度质量指标来考察各国国内制度因素以及制度趋同对双边贸易的影响。通过应用引力模型的研究发现,各国制度的优劣对双边贸易有显著的影响,制度相似的国家间贸易量较大。     

商务部主政新贸易时期解读

机构改革是推进政治体制改革的重要内容。商务部进入主政新经贸时期,这是经济形势发展的结果,是世界市场规则统一化的需要,也是市场经济已成气候的结局。     

Trade-in-goods and trade-in-tasks: An integrating framework

We introduce a simple but flexible analytical framework in which both trade in goods and trade in tasks arise. We use this framework to provide versions of the gains-from-trade and the famous four HO theorems (Heckscher–Ohlin, factor-price-equalisation, Stolper–Samuelson, and Rybczynski) that apply to this environment. We extend our framework to accommodate monopolistic competition and two-way offshoring and to integrate theoretical results of the early offshoring literature.     

An Empirical Analysis of Motives for Offshore Outsourcing by U.S. Firms

In light of the political debate on offshore outsourcing, this article examines firm financial characteristics associated with the probability of being identified as an outsourcer. In a sample of S&P 500 firms, we find that firms identified as outsourcers operate in more competitive industries and have relatively worse operating performance, higher administrative overhead, and higher labor overhead. These firm characteristics are consistent with cost-cutting objectives and the need to respond to competitive pressures. We find that the need to lower labor costs is a significant determinant of manufacturing firms locating operations overseas, while lowering administrative overhead influences service firms' outsourcing decisions. From a policy perspective, our results suggest that the political pressure to limit firms' ability to offshore outsource will likely reduce their flexibility to respond to operating and competitive challenges.     

International Trade and Health Policy: Implications of the GATS for US Healthcare Reform

This paper examines the implications of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the World Trade Organization’s agreement governing trade in health-related services, for health policy and healthcare reform in the United States. The paper describes the nature and scope of US obligations under the GATS, the ways in which the trade agreement intersects with domestic health policy, and the institutional factors that mediate trade-offs between health and trade policy. The analysis suggests that the GATS provisions on market access, national treatment and domestic regulation, which are designed to eliminate ‘regulatory barriers’ to global trade in health services, limit the range of options that state and federal regulators and legislative bodies can employ to regulate the health sector and implement healthcare reforms. As such, the paper identifies the broader social and ethical implications of free trade policy.     

Exposure to the new wave of offshoring: An unemployment perspective

This paper examines the impact of increasing service offshoring in a two‐sector economy. We find that it leads to lower domestic unemployment if the marginal task‐specific offshoring cost in the service sector is sufficiently large. Under this condition, the jobs created due to enhanced productivity outweigh the jobs that are destroyed. The reduction in unemployment increases the cost of hiring domestic workers, thus encouraging firms in the manufacturing sector to increase their offshoring scale and productivity. This, in turn, increases their cost savings and may lead to a further decrease in unemployment. Hence, complementarity between two sectors’ offshoring activities may emerge. We calibrate the model using economic parameters from Belgium, and the calibration results predict varied unemployment trends and impacts on manufacturing‐sector offshoring activities with different task‐specific offshoring cost schedules.     

电子商务对我国生产型外贸企业的影响及对策研究

电子商务作为一种全新的商务模式对生产型外贸企业产生了较为深远的影响。生产型外贸企业要想在新的市场环境下继续开拓国外市场,获得持续发展,就必须积极利用信息技术改造传统贸易手段和流程,提高对电子商务及网络营销的认识,积极培育和引进外贸电子商务人才,通过电子商务平台整合资源开展网络营销,实现资源和生产要素的最优配置,从而提高企业的核心竞争力。     

国际贸易的新制度经济学分析

主流经济学对国际贸易的理论研究一直是沿着“比较优势”这一主线进行的,目前还没有一个理论能很好地解释全部的贸易现象,与当代贸易现实更存在较大差异,因为严格的理论假设简化掉了很多重要因素,而这正是新制度经济学所重点关注的问题,本文将交易成本理论引进到贸易理论研究中来。并在生产成本和贸易成本的基础上提出了制度成本和制度收益的概念,力图使贸易研究更接近现实。     

东亚贸易模式转变——基于国际生产网络的视角

自20世纪90年代以来,“雁行”国际分工与组织模式逐渐衰落,其带动东亚贸易发展的作用下降。然而,东亚贸易的发展并没有因此失去发展的动力,相反东亚贸易继续快速发展并在贸易发展模式上发生了翻天覆地的变化。文章从国际生产网络这一新的主导东亚贸易发展的分工与组织方式的视角,考察近年来东亚贸易模式的转变,并对东亚未来贸易发展模式进行展望。     

贸易便利化、国际生产分割与出口价值构成

贸易便利化降低生产分割与贸易成本,促进国家之间的生产分工与贸易,同时改变了出口的价值构成。文章分析了贸易便利化影响国际生产分割和出口价值构成的理论机制,并在双边产业层面实证检验了贸易便利化对出口价值构成的影响,主要结论有:贸易便利化对出口本国附加值率的基本影响为负;当贸易便利化水平提高到一定程度,过度外包的生产环节回流,即贸易便利化对出口附加值率的影响存在\"U\"型效应;贸易便利化对出口附加值率的影响在不同国家、不同产业贸易中存在明显的异质性;贸易便利化可以通过影响国际生产分割的参与度和参与位置影响出口价值构成。     

国际贸易与投资理论的新发展: 新制度经济学分析

新制度经济学在国际贸易和投资相关研究领域的渗透并非一个新现象,内部化理论就是在新制度经济学的影响下产生的。21世纪初,新制度经济学和国际贸易与投资理论出现了新的融合趋势,从原来的简单运用发展到将不完全契约直接融入不完全竞争条件下的跨国公司组织形式选择的一般均衡模型分析,甚至直接在新制度经济学的产权理论框架下分析跨国公司的组织选择行为。这一理论上的整合对于分析跨国公司在发展中国家的直接投资及其组织形式具有重要意义。