Import Demand Elasticity and Exporter Response to Anti-Dumping Duties

ABSTRACT

This article investigates exporting firms’ behavior following the imposition of anti-dumping (AD) duties. AD duties tend to increase the prices of imported goods via a mechanism different from any other trade barrier because the AD duty size is endogenously dependent on import prices. Our model accounts for this feature and demonstrates that exporters are more likely to adjust their price upward when they face a less elastic demand. The theoretical predictions are supported empirically by relating product-level U.S. import demand elasticities and exporting firms’ reactions to duties inferred from a dataset on U.S. AD investigations from 1980 to 1995.     

区域贸易协定的缔结降低了成员国的反倾销威胁吗——以中国为例

采用1999-2009年跨国面板数据,研究了中国缔结的几个区域贸易协定(RTAs)对成员国间反倾销的影响。结果表明,区域贸易协定的缔结强化了缔约国对其他成员国的反倾销申诉。由于与协定成员国的贸易结构相似、产品结构相同,区域贸易协定的缔结使得中国相对于其他成员国更容易遭遇缔约国的反倾销申诉。文章同时研究了经常项目收支状况、汇率以及GDP增长率对反倾销申诉的影响,结果表明:经常项目收支逆差、货币升值往往会加剧反倾销申诉,而GDP增长率对反倾销申诉无显著影响。本文的研究对于理解中国遭受反倾销的原因以及做好反倾销预警与应对机制具有一定的现实意义。     

TRADE PROTECTIONISM,Better Cooperate than Fight？

In 2009,China witnesses a rage of trade protectionism wave.According to the Ministry of Commerce, currently,35%of anti-dumping and 71%of anti-subsidy cases are against Chinese products. In the first three quarters this year, there are 19 countries launching a total of 88 anti-dumplng （＂AD＂） and countervailing （＂CVD＂） investigations against China.     

我国对外反倾销威慑力能否有效抑制国际对华反倾销?

本文利用1981—2007年的国际对华反倾销数据和负二项回归方法,发现中国对外反倾销威慑和报复能力对国际对华反倾销产生了一定程度的抑制效应。此外还发现,宏观经济不是影响国际对华反倾销的主要原因;外国货币的升值会导致国际对华反倾销的增加;反倾销案件是国外利益集团要求政府对其实行贸易保护的结果。本文据此提出中国应维持汇率稳定,完善行业协会,降低对某些国家过高的出口集中度和适度对外反倾销的政策建议。     

Trade Remedy Actions in NAFTA: Agriculture and Agri‐Food Industries

The economic rationale for trade remedy law, while always weak, is undermined by the formation of free trade areas. However, due to political pressure, first CUSFTA and then NAFTA have continued the use of domestic antidumping and countervailing duty laws. With the lowering of border protection, it was feared that there would be an explosion of trade remedy law as NAFTA was implemented. This article examines data on the use of anti‐dumping and countervailing duty investigations in agriculture, and analyses the incidence between NAFTA partners before and after the implementation of free trade, and compared to the incidence with other countries. Given the cost of current AD and CVD suits, options are explored for alternative methods to resolve AD and CVD suits. Evaluation of options hinges on goals held for dispute resolution within NAFTA. Given continued political opposition to eliminating AD and CVD processes, increasing the options for resolving these suits may reduce their overall costs.     

Is price undertaking a more friendly protection policy than an anti-dumping duty?1

It is generally believed that price undertaking is a more amicable protection policy for a foreign dumping firm than an anti-dumping (AD) duty as the former allows the foreign dumping firm to keep the duty rents. However, this result contradicts the empirical finding in, who shows that only 41% of anti-dumping measures in EEC end up with price undertaking in 1981–2001, even though firms can commit to a minimum price instead of being imposed with an anti-dumping duty. From the perspective of the dumping firm, this paper shows that whether the price-undertaking police is more or less amicable than the AD duty is contingent upon the competition modes of the firms in the industry.     

我国出口反倾销应诉专业人员队伍构建对策

我国出口所面临反倾销调查的严峻局面使得反倾销应诉专业化成为必然的趋势,反倾销应诉专业律师和会计核算人员是目前我国出口反倾销应诉专业人员队伍的主要成员,但是,我国的反倾销应诉专业人员队伍由于种种原因存在着供需失衡、素质不高等现状,这在一定程度上阻碍了我国出口贸易的发展。因此,构建一支高素质的反倾销应诉专业队伍迫在眉睫。从反倾销应诉专业人员结构中发现,增加反倾销应诉专业人员供给、分流反倾销应诉专业人员需求以及构建反倾销应诉专业人员信息库成为有效解决我国反倾销应诉专业人员队伍建设的主要对策。     

The Salmon-Agreement Between Norway and the European Union—A Welfare Economic Analysis

The relationship between tariff policy and anti-dumping use is empirically examined. Using a panel dataset of 56 countries over the period of 1995–2007, the effects of tariff liberalization on anti-dumping use are found to vary across world regions. For European countries, as well as developed North American and Latin American countries, a lower tariff rate appears to induce more use of anti-dumping measures, which emerge as a protection tool among trade liberalization regimes. In contrast, a reduction in a tariff rate leads to lower anti-dumping use in developing North American and Latin American countries and in developed Asian, African, and Middle Eastern countries. In terms of initiating anti-dumping action, developed countries are likely to be more sensitive than developing countries to tariff policy change in most regions of the world.     

Creating a high‐skills society during recession: issues for policy makers

The present study looks at the skill formation policies adopted by policy makers in Greece in order to create a high‐skills society. It examines empirically the demand side of the skill creation process within 300 small enterprises in order to understand how far supply‐side measures have influenced the demand for well‐trained staff within small businesses. The article draws on empirical data from 650 interviews with workers and small firm owners that explored owner demand for higher level skills and training. The study questions the effectiveness of the measures put forward by policy makers in order to encourage an up‐skilling strategy in the country. The analysis reveals that this policy agenda has been supported predominantly by various skills supply‐side initiatives including investments in higher education and subsidized accredited company training. Yet the empirical evidence indicates that such initiatives have not so far influenced owner demand for higher level skills and training, suggesting a new agenda for policy intervention may be necessary. The study provides valuable lessons for policy makers across the advanced capitalist world on the development of a high‐skills society.     

反倾销产业损害数据库系统设计与实现

越来越多反倾销案件的出现凸显了反倾销产业损害研究的重要性。为了更好地促进我国对反倾销产业损害的研究,增强反倾销调查工作的科学性与工作效率,我国亟需建立自己的反倾销产业损害数据库。所以必须研究我国反倾销产业损害数据库系统的设计与实现。     

The monetary explanation of inflation: The experience of three major OPEC economies

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and to test empirically the monetary explanation of inflation in the case of the moderate inflationary experience of three major OPEC economies over the last two decades. The estimated model takes into account the underlying money demand relationship and pays careful attention to the model's lag specifications. The empirical results show that the monetary model of inflation adequately explains the inflationary process in each of the countries studied. These empirical results, furthermore, are econometrically valid insofar as they are not plagued with significant simultaneous-equation bias. In addition, the estimated equations are also found to exhibit structural stability over time.     

The demand for safe assets in emerging economies and global imbalances: New empirical evidence

Recent economic theory has singled out mismatches between the supply and the demand of safe financial assets in emerging countries as drivers of international capital flows and, ultimately, global current account imbalances. This paper assesses empirically the contribution of such “search for safe assets” to the size and composition of emerging economies’ international asset portfolios. Excess demand for safe assets in financially less‐developed countries would imply that these countries hold disproportionately high shares of their total portfolios in foreign assets. Moreover, financially less‐developed countries would hold disproportionately high shares of their foreign portfolios in financially developed countries, which are the major producers of ostensibly safe assets. This paper finds little empirical support for these predictions. Financially less‐developed countries allocate a larger proportion of their total holdings to domestic assets. Even when focusing on their foreign portfolios, there is no evidence of a general bias towards the assets of financially developed countries. Overall, asset mismatches do not appear to explain the asset allocation of financially less‐developed countries.     

西部大开发应对反倾销的会计策略研究——基于反倾销实证分析的视角

我国是全球遭遇反倾销诉讼最多、受害最大的国家,这对经济全球化背景下的西部大开发也是一种警示。我们在对国际反倾销的新动向和我国遭遇反倾销现状进行实证分析的基础上,提出了西部大开发应对反倾销会计策略的理论框架。该研究对于西部大开发互利共赢开放战略的实施,促进西部地区更好地利用两个市场、两种资源,拓展与周边国家、地区经贸合作,完善经济全球化条件下的西部开发战略支持体系,优化宏观政策层的决策,都将具有十分重大的理论价值和现实指导意义。     

MNEs and policy networks: Institutional embeddedness and strategic choice

Political strategies are a crucial matter for MNEs in the context of globalization. We argue that MNEs’ influence on political decision-making depends on their insertion into policy networks, which define the institutional framework and the interaction patterns of business/government relations in different issue-areas. Then, we propose a stylized taxonomy regarding the differentiation of MNEs’ political leverage in various domains, at a home country level. Finally, we explore the influence of political power at home on MNEs’ strategic approaches to the host countries, taking into account the bargaining power of local actors in the concerned issue-areas.     

中国对外反倾销影响因素研究

利用1999-2009年中国对外反倾销申诉数据,本文运用Logit模型和经典线性模型,实证测量了行业企业单位数、全部从业人员年平均数、总资产贡献率、资本密集度、工业成本费用利润率、竞争力指数、进口渗透率,对中国对外反倾销行为在发起阶段的影响程度,提出行业企业单位数、总资产密集度和进口渗透率是发起反倾销申诉的重要影响因素,进口渗透率和全部从业人员年平均是影响申诉频率的主要因素。     

Business Ethics in the South and South East Asia

Gender is one of the most frequently studied variables within the ethics literature. In prior studies that find gender differences, females consistently report more ethical responses than males. However, prior research also indicates that females are more prone to responding in a socially desirable fashion. Consequently, it is uncertain whether gender differences in ethical decision-making exist because females are more ethical or perhaps because females are more prone to the social desirability response bias. Using a sample of 30 scenarios from prior studies that find gender differences, we examine whether these gender differences remain robust once social desirability is controlled for in the analysis. Our data suggest that the effect of gender on ethical decision-making is largely attenuated once social desirability is included in the analysis. In essence, the social desirability response bias appears to be driving a significant portion of the relationship between gender and ethical decision-making. We discuss several important research implications of this study.     

国外对华反倾销措施效果评价的实证研究

中国是被反倾销调查和采取最终措施的最大国。比较反倾销强度指数证明,中国在美国市场的出口份额强烈地受到美国反倾销行动的影响,但美国在世界出口市场份额则较少受到他国反倾销的影响,美国是影响中国贸易救济的最大因素。美、欧对华提起反倾销诉讼对他国具有示范效应。中国应积极谋求世贸组织剔除其非市场经济地位,重视反倾销对称性并积极应诉,通过行业协调和调整出口导向,促使进出口内外均衡与结构合理,以减少反倾销措施的不利影响。     

Applying Rawlsian Approaches to Resolve Ethical Issues: Inventory and Setting of a Research Agenda

Insights from social science are increasingly used in the field of applied ethics. However, recent insights have shown that the empirical branch of business ethics lacks thorough theoretical grounding. This article discusses the use of the Rawlsian methods of wide reflective equilibrium and overlapping consensus in the field of applied ethics. Instead of focussing on one single comprehensive ethical doctrine to provide adequate guidance for resolving moral dilemmas, these Rawlsian methods seek to find a balance between considered judgments and intuitions concerning particular cases on the one hand and general principles and theories on the other. In business ethics this approach is promising because it enables decision-making in a pluralist context with different stakeholders who often endorse different or even conflicting cultural and moral frameworks without giving priority to any of them. Moreover, the method is well founded in political theory. A taxonomy of different kinds of applications is developed, and classified according to the purpose, the content, and the type of justification. On the basis of this taxonomy an inventory of 12 recent applications is made. In terms of the purpose and content of the method the applications are rather diverse. Two conceptual obstacles for applying Rawlsian methods are identified, viz. inclusiveness and the communitarian objection that people have to become detached from their personal life. It is found that methodological questions, such as the question how to retrieve the relevant empirical data, are scarcely addressed in the literature. To advance the use of empirical approaches in general, and that of Rawlsian approaches in particular, it is important not only to use empirical data but to use methodological insights from social sciences in order to further advance the field of empirical ethics. It is recommended that stakeholders be given a more active role in the assessment and justification of these methods.     

美国对华反补贴中的价格比较基准问题研究

反补贴与反倾销相似,同样存在价格比较及其基准的确定问题。文章通过考察美国的反补贴立法和对华实践,试图揭示其对华反补贴价格比较基准的原则和方法。虽然美国反补贴法不同于反倾销法,未对"非市场经济"作特殊规定,但调查当局在反补贴立法和以往对市场经济国家实践的基础上,通过2006年以来的一系列对华案件,基本形成了一套基于外部基准的价格比较方法,用于度量中国政府向涉案企业提供产品、服务和要素(包括资金、土地)的补贴利益。     

对华反补贴价格比较基准:基于美国和加拿大案例的比较研究

反补贴与反倾销相似,同样存在价格比较及其基准的确定问题。本文通过考察目前两个主要对中国进行反补贴调查的国家——美国和加拿大的立法和实践,发现两国确定反补贴价格比较基准的一般法律原则显著不同。在此前提下,在对华反补贴实践中还存在以下两个差异:一是在外部基准还是国内基准适用问题上的基本待遇不同,二是价格比较基准确定的具体操作程序不同。但同时,两国在对华反补贴价格比较基准问题上存在一个共同点,即是否适用外部基准取决于各自对中国市场经济地位的认定或在同一产品反倾销调查中的市场导向产业认定。这一共同点可能成为其他WTO成员今后启动对华反补贴调查时决定是否采用外部基准的依据。