U.S.-Canadian trade liberalization and adjustment mechanisms: A survey

The prospect of bilateral trade liberalization requires an understanding of contemporary work on the adjustment process. This survey of recent models by principally Canadian economists examines the methodological foundations of this research. It is found that the new trade adjustment models are just beginning to incorporate key elements of industrial organization effects such as intra-firm trade and non-tariff barriers to trade. More progress in these areas is required.     

美国和欧盟反倾销法实体规则的比较

美国和欧盟的反倾销法规分属于普通法系和大陆法系两个不同的架构体系,两套反倾销法规在实体规则中关于倾销行为的认定、产业损害的确认、倾销行为与产业损害因果关系的认定以及价格承诺制度、反规避规则、反吸收规则等方面既有极大的相同之处,又存在明显的差异.     

Examining the Longevity of New Agency Accounts: A Comparative Study of U.S. and U.K. Advertising Experiences

Abstract

Since the typical account longevity is short, agencies should anticipate their likelihood of loss, seek to forestall and invest in their client relationships. A model is proposed for examining account lifetimes, which can offer guidance on the likely retention of future accounts. The impact of agency structural characteristics on longevity is also examined, and compared for both U.S. and U.K. markets. Results for both markets indicate that cumulative account dissolution increases at a decreasing rate over time. Greater account longevity is associated with larger agency size (both in terms of agency billings and employees), and agency age but not with stability of billings growth. Evidence suggests that several structural characteristics of agencies reflect the motivation and / or ability to maintain accounts.     

Business Ethics in Brazil and the U.S.: A Comparative Investigation

In this comparative survey of 126 Brazilian and U.S. business professionals, we explore the effect of national culture on ethical decision-making within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin's (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we examined how these two countries' differences on Hofstede's individualism/collectivism dimension are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Our results indicate that Brazilians and Americans evaluate the ethical content of actions or decisions differently when applying utilitarian criteria. By contrast, business people from both countries do not differ significantly when they use egoistic criteria in evaluating the ethical nature of business decisions.     

美欧应对债务危机路径的国际比较研究

美欧发达国家政府的债务危机问题已经越来越严重,逐渐引起了包括发展中国家在内的世界各国的广泛关注.面对此次债务危机,美欧各国都相继采取了各种财政、货币政策措施加以应对.在分析美欧国家债务危机产生原因以及列举美欧国家应对危机采取的措施基础上,对其政策措施实施效果进行了分析比较,最后总结了主权债务危机给中国发展所带来的几点启示.     

The Ethics of Organizations: A Longitudinal Study of the U.S. Working Population

The ethics of organizations has received much attention in recent years. This raises the question of whether the ethics of organizations has also improved. In 1999, 2004, and 2008, a survey was conducted of 12,196 U.S. managers and employees. The results show that the ethical culture of organizations improved in the period between 1999 and 2004. Between 2004 and 2008 unethical behavior and its consequences declined and the scope of ethics programs expanded while ethical culture showed no significant improvement during the same period. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for future research and practice.     

对华反补贴价格比较基准:基于美国和加拿大案例的比较研究

反补贴与反倾销相似,同样存在价格比较及其基准的确定问题。本文通过考察目前两个主要对中国进行反补贴调查的国家——美国和加拿大的立法和实践,发现两国确定反补贴价格比较基准的一般法律原则显著不同。在此前提下,在对华反补贴实践中还存在以下两个差异:一是在外部基准还是国内基准适用问题上的基本待遇不同,二是价格比较基准确定的具体操作程序不同。但同时,两国在对华反补贴价格比较基准问题上存在一个共同点,即是否适用外部基准取决于各自对中国市场经济地位的认定或在同一产品反倾销调查中的市场导向产业认定。这一共同点可能成为其他WTO成员今后启动对华反补贴调查时决定是否采用外部基准的依据。     

A Comparative Analysis of Arab and U.S. Cultural Values on the Web

ABSTRACT

This study aims to explore the depiction of cultural values on global websites. There exists a research gap in terms of better understanding cross-cultural differences in web communications between the Arab and Western worlds. Thus, we conducted content analysis to examine the cultural values on websites from Arab countries and the U.S. The results suggest that local websites of Arab countries and the United States tend to differ significantly from each other on cultural contents. The proposed cultural findings can serve as a guide for creating culturally congruent international websites.     

Brand Personality of Global Quick-Service Restaurants in Emerging and Developed Markets: A Comparative Study in Brazil and the U.S.

This study aimed to determine the dimensions of the personality of global quick-service restaurant brands perceived by young consumers in the U.S. and Brazil, and whether these dimensions showed similar configurations in both countries. A survey was carried out with two QSR brands (McDonald's and Subway). Data analysis utilized exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The study identified five personality dimensions for each of the brands studied in each country. Results support the proposition that global brands can carry a common meaning across nations, but also that certain local nuances of brand personalities can differ.     

Celebrity Endorsements in U.S. and Thai Magazines: A Content Analysis Comparative Assessment

SUMMARY

Celebrity endorsements have become a prevalent form of advertising. Hence, the purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the use of celebrities and the types of products endorsed. Advertisements from one popular magazine in the U.S. and 2 popular magazines in Thailand were used. Results indicated that U.S. advertisements of beauty, dietary and health services, hospitals, and weight loss clinics categories utilized celebrity endorsements more often than other categories. In Thai advertisements, supplementary foods and medicines used celebrity endorsers more often than other categories. Results further support that a significant relationship exits between celebrity endorsers and product types.     

A Comparative Analysis of Ethical Perceptions in Marketing Research: U.S.A. vs. Canada

The study compares Canadian and U.S. marketing researchers' attitudes, perceptions and intentions related to several areas of ethical concern. A particular focus involves salience of norms common to marketing research codes of ethics (COEs) and familiarity of such codes to marketing research professionals. Researchers' attitudes towards today's ethical climate are identified and compared between the two countries. Relationships are examined between familiarity, ethical intention and salience. Results indicate that U.S. and Canadian marketing researchers have similar perceptions of the relative importance of specific ethical norms, but worldwide COEs do not reflect these perceptions. Canadian marketing researchers report having a greater familiarity with their firms' adopted COEs, but this finding is moderated by the type of researcher. Among other findings, results indicate that familiarity influences ethical intention only for highly salient issues.     

“The bigger they are, the harder they fall”: Retail price differences across U.S. cities

This paper examines the evidence for nonlinear price behavior in retail goods prices across U.S. cities. First, a simple continuous-time model is used to explore the types of price behavior that can arise in the presence of market frictions. These frictions could be interpreted as transport costs, but we prefer a broader interpretation in which they operate at the level of technology and preferences. Second, we gather price data from 24 U.S. cities on individual goods like orange juice and toothpaste. The empirical analysis reveals that price discrepancies between U.S. cities are stationary and nonlinearly mean-reverting to price parity.     

论美国国会与对外贸易法的制定与执行

在美国三权分立政体下,对外贸易法律的制定和执行是国会、总统交互作用的复杂过程。国会一方面通过授权总统扩大自由贸易;另一方面又建立完善的进口救济制度来平衡贸易保护主义的利益。国会还把相当的权力委托给国际贸易法院由其行使司法审查权,防止行政机关滥用授权。美国贸易政策的制订权往往是在行政部门和立法部门之间进行分配,法院通常奉行"司法克制"的态度,通常避免就国会和总统之间在对外政策领域的权力关系问题进行裁决。但其一旦决定介入,必然成为最终的决定性因素。     

U.S. male generational cohorts: Retail format preferences,desired retail attributes,satisfaction and loyalty

Reports in the academic and popular press acknowledge the growing importance of male shoppers from a retail perspective (Albright, 2010) yet to date most studies have only compared men to women or when examining fashion products (Shim and Kotsiopulos, 1991). No research has been done to segment males in order to provide retailers with a better understanding of male shopping behavior (Bakewell and Mitchell, 2003, Meredith et al., 2007). This exploratory study surveyed 560 U.S. males examining retail format preferences, desired retail attributes, satisfaction and loyalty using Generational Cohort Theory (GCT). Results suggest significant differences between male generational cohorts in terms of retail format preferences with males from the Silent Generation preferring the category killer format more than males in the Millennial Generation and both 13th Generation and Millennial Generation males preferring internet-only retailers than did Silent Generation Males. Silent Generation males were also found to be more satisfied with retailers in their area, when compared to the younger Baby Boomer and 13th Generation males. No significant differences were found in desired retail attributes or store loyalty. Additional research investigating U.S. and non-U.S. males using GCT is suggested.     

美国电子消费品市场:商机多多

微欢公司创始人比尔·盖茨"未来智能化家庭媒体中心的构想"的演讲揭开了在美国拉斯维加斯举办的2005年度国际消费电子展(CES)的序幕.盖茨先生在演讲中称,消费者将在21世纪的第一个十年迎来"数字生活方式",即:以电脑为中心,连接高清晰度数字电视、MP3、DVD、数码相机、手机、游戏机甚至手表.让消费者生活在数字化的"声色世界"中.随着宽带的普及和数字设备的降价,数字化的发展速度超过了人们预期.     

20世纪90年代美日经济运行状况比较分析

美日作为两大经济强国,其经济发展的态势在20世纪90年代截然不同。本文首先对两国经济在90年代的表现作了客观的描述和对比,然后从高新技术与信息技术产业的发展、经济体制、金融和经济全球化等四个角度对导致这一现象的原因作了分析,以期能对我国今后经济发展道路的选择提供借鉴。     

中国人看美国的感受很复杂

美国国务卿赖斯对中国的访问结束了,国人对中美关系的讨论和关注还在继续,而且被推向了新高潮。各大媒体争相报道。众说纷纭,尽管都有理论说明,事实依据,但细细看去。几乎都是从政府、国家的角度来进行描述的。那么。老百姓眼里的美国和美国人究竟是什么样呢?和美国人眼里的中国比较,又有哪些明显的相同和不同之处呢?     

The Trucking Industry: The Lynchpin of the U.S. Economy

This paper describes the role of trucking in the U.S. economy; the major changes that have impacted the industry since the mid-1950s; its current and future position vs. other freight transportation modes, especially rail; and competition within the trucking industry.