加入WTO十周年:中国参与争端解决机制的宏观问题和应对之策概析

2011年是中国加入WTO十周年。在过去10年中,中国参与WTO争端解决机制逐步深入,当前已成为主要参与者,成绩来之不易。在此过程中,中国不仅需处理具体案件中的问题,还不断面临一些制度层面挑战。本文从认知态度、能力建设、政企互动三个方面考察了中国在加强参与和利用WTO争端解决机制方面所可能面临的一些内部宏观性问题、采取的应对之策、付出的努力和取得的成绩。     

“一带一路”建设工程争端预防机制的应用

诉讼、仲裁等争端解决方式在建设工程领域饱受高成本、低效率的诟病。国际上开始在工程实践中引入规范合同条款、争端预防专家小组、早期中立评估等形式的争端预防机制,通过及时化解业主和承包商之间的分歧以避免争端形成。对"一带一路"倡议框架下的建设工程而言,争端预防机制具有促进伙伴关系、降低交易成本、合理分担诉累等预期价值,应当通过提升企业预防争端的法律意识、构建高业务水准专家队伍、细化扩展行业规则以及借助第三方平台推广争端预防示范文本等措施,切实推动"一带一路"建设工程争端预防机制的应用。     

论我国和平解决国际争端的理论与实践

随着经济全球化的进一步加深,各国的交往日益频繁,这就会出现国家利益和特定权利的矛盾和冲突,这种冲突又往往会引发国际争端,而和平解决国际争端已成为国际社会的一种趋势并得到国际社会的普遍认可。和平解决国际争端是联合国的宗旨和国际法基本原则。我国一贯奉行和平外交政策,主张和平解决国际争端,并历来以和平方式处理与其他国家的关系和历史遗留问题及其现实问题,为和平解决国际争端做出了很大的努力和贡献,随着中国融入国际社会的程度进一步加深,可根据我国的实际情况综合运用政治和法律的方法处理与中国有关的国际争端。     

中美欧贸易报复制度的比较研究

WTO体制下,贸易报复是争端解决的最后保障,但WTO争端机制旨在解决成员之间的争端,因此,要赋予私人请求本国政府对另一国家进行贸易报复的权利,仍然需要国内立法.目前,各主要大国都通过国内立法赋予本国国民权利,以请求本国政府对另一国家进行贸易报复,为争端解决的国内程序和国际程序的衔接提供了基础,使得本国国民可以通过国内程序启动WTO的争端解决程序.与美欧相比,我国关于贸易报复的立法和实践经验均不甚丰富,确实需要借鉴较为完备的美欧立法,完善我国的有关法律制度.     

电子商务ODR争议解决机制研究

现阶段,对于有效解决电子商务纠纷问题,我国传统的争议解决模式已不适用,主要是在法律准备、裁判执行力、行政手段参与及纠纷解决成本方面都存在困境。ODR作为ADR在网络空间的拓展和延伸,可有效弥补传统争议解决机制的不足。需要高度关注的问题是ODR作为一把双刃剑,在具备了比传统争议解决方式更多优点的同时,也暴露出了解决机制缺乏有效性、解决结果执行缺乏保障性、保密和信任机制不完善等诸多问题。我国应以立法方式确定ODR裁决的效力;进一步加快网络信息平台建设,切实加强区域间及国际间合作,从而有效推进我国ODR模式的快速发展,更好的维护网络消费者合法权益。     

专利侵权诉讼的特殊性及其若干程序性救济

专利侵权是一类特殊的民事纠纷,其特殊性主要表现在专利的科技属性及专利诉讼的复杂性对程序设计提出了特殊要求。目前,我国专利纠纷的审理适用普通民事诉讼程序,只是在管辖、当事人适格等个别问题最高人民法院作了特殊规定。在笔者看来,这些规定远远不能满足专利纠纷的特殊属性及其对程序设计的特殊要求。本文将重点介绍与阐释美国专利纠纷中若干特殊程序设计,并从比较法角度对我国相关制度完善提出若干建议。     

专利侵权诉讼的特殊性及其若干程序性救济

专利侵权是一类特殊的民事纠纷，其特殊性主要表现在专利的科技属性及专利诉讼的复杂性对程序设计提出了特殊要求。目前，我国专利纠纷的审理适用普通民事诉讼程序，只是在管辖、当事人适格等个别问题最高人民法院作了特殊规定。在笔者看来，这些规定远远不能满足专利纠纷的特殊属性及其对程序设计的特殊要求。本文将重点介绍与阐释美国专利纠纷中若干特殊程序设计，并从比较法角度对我国相关制度完善提出若干建议。     

Reducing Demand for Litigation in Consumer Disputes—a Randomized Field Experiment with Social Information

It has long been argued that alternative dispute resolution is superior to traditional court litigation. The paper reviews traditional and behavioural arguments and findings for why litigation rates remain high. The paper then reports on a natural field experiment designed to test how to improve disputes between consumers and businesses in Denmark resolution by including social information into the dispute process. The experiment demonstrates that social information significantly affects litigants’ need for litigation, but that the effect on settlement rates is non-significant. The results are discussed along with suggestions for possible future research into improving the willingness to cooperate in consumer disputes.     

Airbus gegen Boeing vor der WTO: Zeit für einen Legal-Case-Manager

The WTO has been dealing with the Airbus-Boeing dispute for more than ten years. Both parties continue to blame the other side for their unfair financing methods. This seemingly never-ending dispute not only ties up the resources of both aircraft manufactures but also negatively influences the reputation of the WTO and impairs its ability to act as an effective dispute settlement forum. To resolve this case — the biggest and most complex one that has ever reached the WTO — a legal case manager should assist the parties in either complying with the specifications made by the appellate body or in reaching a negotiated settlement.     

投资者与东道国争端解决机制的新发展及其启示

设计投资仲裁机制的初衷是以非政治化方式解决争端,但在实践中往往成为跨国公司挑战东道国政策措施的手段,所以澳大利亚等国目前不再纳入上述条款。可以通过设立上诉机构、常设国际投资法院以及引入调解等替代争端解决方式改革投资仲裁制度。我国也可以借鉴上述做法应用于上海自贸区的争端解决实践。     

The Evolution of Japan's Aggressive Legalism

Japan's recent trade policy is sometimes characterised as ‘aggressive legalism’ in the sense that it aggressively utilises the multilateral trade rules embodied in the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation in dealing with disputes with its trade partners. This policy may appear to be a marked departure from Japan's past practice of favouring bilateral, non‐legal settlement of trade disputes. Upon closer examination, however, while Japan has been moderately active in using the WTO dispute settlement process for resolving its trade disputes, it behaves more like a country that resorts to surgical strikes on selected targets (usually the United States) under a powerful cover of the European Community. Compared to Japan, Korea's attitude in the WTO is more aggressive. While the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is not content with the status quo and is seeking to expand its aggressiveness in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism, it faces an uphill battle. One of the difficulties facing trade officials in Japan may be the lack of a national system for lodging WTO complaints, open to any citizens or firms, like Section 301 of the US Trade Act of 1974 or the European Trade Barriers Regulation. Nonetheless, in the historical context, Japan is far more aggressive than in the past in utilising the rules of the GATT/WTO to advance its national interests. It will never revert to the infamous practice of bilateralism and grey area measures.     

Modeling the Caspian Sea Negotiations

The objective of this study is to identify techniques for predicting the outcome of a negotiation and then apply them to the current negotiations over the legal status of the Caspian Sea, which has been in dispute since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The five coastal states—Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan—entered negotiations in 1993, but have not yet agreed on who owns the waters or the oil and natural gas beneath them. We identify the five well-defined options for resolving the dispute and then discuss the states’ preferences regarding these options. We apply some well-known social choice rules to find the “socially optimal” resolution. Then we review several versions of Fallback Bargaining, which aims to minimize the maximum dissatisfaction of the bargainers, and apply them to the dispute. Finally, we represent the dispute in financial terms and apply several well-known bankruptcy procedures, which are fair division methods for settling monetary claims. We end with some suggestions on how the value of the Caspian seabed resources could be allocated among the five Caspian states.     

WTO争端解决机制的法律性质

WTO争端解决机制被誉为WTO皇冠上的明珠,自其运行以来,既以其专业高效广受赞誉,又因其程序设计的冲突和裁决执行的效果引发批评。将"就DSU的改进和澄清"列入正式议程的多哈回合至今未果。专家组的临时性、争端解决程序透明度不足、补偿和报复的不溯及既往、报复的效果不足等WTO争端解决机制的不足到底仅仅属于技术性的缺陷还是根植于机制自身的法律性质,首先涉及到对WTO争端解决机制法律性质的廓清,同时该问题的解决也是我们进一步了解和更好地运用WTO争端解决机制的基础。     

非WTO国际法规范适用于WTO文化贸易的可行性——以中美文化产品案的法律适用问题为视角

WTO法律体系不是一个封闭的法律怪圈,非WTO国际法规范在理论上具有适用于WTO案件的可能性与必要性,在实践中WTO争端解决机构也曾适用非WTO国际法规范解决成员方的贸易争端。适用的渊源包括一般法律原则和国际条约,适用的方式包括直接适用和"作为解释的证据和材料"。而中国在中美文化产品案中的败诉凸显出WTO的文化贸易立法不具自足性,无法保证成员有效维护本国文化主权。在WTO现有文化贸易立法之外,存在适用《文化多样性公约》等非WTO国际法规范的可行性。认识到这一点,对于处于国际文化贸易弱势地位的中国具有另辟蹊径的现实意义。     

经调解产生的国际商事和解协议的执行困境与突破——兼论《新加坡调解公约》与中国法律体系的衔接

经调解产生的国际商事和解协议因缺乏统一高效执行机制而使其高效、经济、友好地解决国际商事争议的优势难以充分彰显。新近生效的《新加坡调解公约》为国际商事和解协议的统一高效执行提供了国际法律框架。中国尚未建立完整的调解立法体系,更没有独立的商事调解法,也未形成专业化和职业化的调解队伍,还未培育出成熟的社会诚信体系,有碍国际商事和解协议的执行。为有效应对国际商事和解协议的执行困境,在中国已签署《新加坡调解公约》的背景下,建议积极研究该公约与中国法律制度的衔接问题,完善商事调解法律规范并适时制定独立的商事调解法,建立专职调解员队伍,培育成熟的社会诚信体系。     

论近代藏边民族纠纷解决中的自力救济方式——以拉卜楞寺与周边土司纠纷解决为例

近代藏边民族纠纷解决中的方式很多,与外界参与解决相对应的即是通过纠纷方自身努力而解决的方式,这种方式称之为自力救济方式。拉卜楞寺与周边土司经常产生各种纠纷,如拉卜楞与墨颡土官和卓尼杨土司产生纠纷后,政府或其他民间力量也参与了解决的过程,但主要的方式是通过纠纷主体的自力救济的方式解决的。用自力救济的方式解决社会纠纷表现出宗教性、非暴力性的特点。     

粤港澳大湾区知识产权法律冲突及解决路径探析

自《内地与香港、澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》(CEPA)实施以来,粤港澳一直将知识产权保护作为三地间实现贸易便利化、自由化过程中的一项重要任务。由于粤港澳三地间法律制度的差异,产生了管辖权、冲突法、实体法以及司法协助等诸多方面的冲突,这些差异直接导致三地间知识产权法律纠纷的发生。在粤港澳大湾区建设中,需要基于粤港澳现有知识产权法律制度,通过完善立法,强化司法和执法保护,纾解粤港澳大湾区现有知识产权法律冲突的困境,创新知识产权纠纷解决机制,以知识产权发展推动科技创新,为推进粤港澳大湾区建设营造良好的法治环境。     

WTO贸易救济措施争端解决的绩效分析——基于动态非平衡面板数据模型系统GMM检验

文章在回顾相关研究的基础上考虑四阶段WTO争端解决程序,根据WTO争端案例结案时长不等的特点和多阶段策略选择难以量化的性质,建立WTO贸易救济措施争端解决绩效动态非平衡面板数据模型,运用系统GMM检验,对WTO贸易救济措施争端解决绩效进行了实证分析。结果表明：积极援引WTO争端解决机制是能够在一定程度上挽回贸易损失的,尤其是双方在争端解决过程中达成的磋商解决、请求专家组中止工作、相互满意解决或者败诉方执行WTO决定等均对申诉方出口贸易具有促进作用;尽快结案将有利于申诉方,而WTO争端解决案件的持续时间越长,越不利于申诉方。     

WTO框架下中美原材料出口限制争端的法律问题

2009年6月23日美欧就中国原材料出口限制向WTO争端解决机构(DSB)提起申诉,本起争端反映的实质是各国对资源的利益争夺,但在DSB中却表现为典型的法律争端。该案关键在于中国能否证明以下问题:(1)中国原材料出口限制的法律依据符合WTO规定;(2)中国出口数量限制符合GATT第20条(g)项所要求的"与国内限制同时生效";(3)中国出口税符合例外情况。中国要善于从WT/DS363案中汲取经验教训,注重数据的证明效力;并以此次争端为契机,完善我国资源保障体系。     

Developing Countries as Plaintiffs and Defendants in GATT/WTO Trade Disputes

Developing countries have been increasing their participation in the formal institutions and proceedings of the multilateral trading system. A prominent example is their more frequent involvement as defendants and plaintiffs in GATT/WTO trade disputes. This paper provides an initial economic appraisal of developing country performance in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system. We measure the economic resolution of these disputes through trade liberalisation gains, and our results suggest that developing country plaintiffs have had more success under WTO disputes than was the case under the GATT. We also document evidence on potential determinants of this success: the capacity for plaintiffs to make credible retaliatory threats and the guilty determinations by GATT/WTO panels. Finally, there is also some evidence that developing countries have recognised the importance of retaliatory threats and have responded by changing their pattern of dispute initiation under the WTO to better take advantage of the instances in which they have sufficient leverage to threaten retaliation and induce compliance with GATT/WTO obligations.