WTO争端解决机制的法律性质

WTO争端解决机制被誉为WTO皇冠上的明珠,自其运行以来,既以其专业高效广受赞誉,又因其程序设计的冲突和裁决执行的效果引发批评。将"就DSU的改进和澄清"列入正式议程的多哈回合至今未果。专家组的临时性、争端解决程序透明度不足、补偿和报复的不溯及既往、报复的效果不足等WTO争端解决机制的不足到底仅仅属于技术性的缺陷还是根植于机制自身的法律性质,首先涉及到对WTO争端解决机制法律性质的廓清,同时该问题的解决也是我们进一步了解和更好地运用WTO争端解决机制的基础。     

What Future for the WTO?

The past decade has been troubling for the World Trade Organization (WTO). After 12 hard years of negotiation, and multiple missed deadlines, stakes are high for breaking the many logjams that obstruct the Doha Development Round. This article assesses what can be salvaged from the Doha Round and the associated global payoffs, and it provides guidelines for maintaining the relevance of the WTO moving forward. There is good reason for measured optimism, but for optimism to be sustained, trade ministers must deliver something meaningful at the Bali WTO Ministerial in December 2013.     

WTO绿色壁垒的法律思考

文章通过对WT0绿色壁垒的分析，揭示WT0绿色壁垒的本质和特征，使人们能正确地理解WTO绿色壁垒，摆正国际贸易、经济可持续发展与环境保护的关系，并从法律上提出一些应对WT0绿色壁垒的措施。     

俄罗斯加入WTO对中俄经贸的影响与对策

俄罗斯即将加入WTO,届时两国经贸环境与格局将发生新的变化,它使得两国政府管理贸易行为更为规范;两国的国际贸易成本将大大节省;两国的贸易环境也更加透明。当然,两国面临的国际竞争压力也会增大。为此,我们要真正从思想上提高认识;强化走出去的战略;明确对俄贸易的主攻方向;坚持着眼长远原则,树立全新的形象,抓住中俄贸易的战略性发展的新契机。     

The political economy of non‐tariff measures

This paper examines the extent to which non‐tariff measures (NTM s) are set for protectionist purposes. Our main focus is on developing countries. Overall results show that NTM s reflect protectionist forces, in particular for those that have been subject to trade concerns at the World Trade Organization (WTO ). For the other measures, there is no evidence that protectionism is the driving force behind their adoption, suggesting that their determinants may be associated with legitimate goals such as consumer health and safety. Furthermore, transnational lobbying, defined as the participation of national business groups at the Ministerial Conferences—the highest authority of the WTO —is positively associated with the probability of adopting NTM s.     

WTO争端解决机制改革效用的实证分析

WTO的争端解决机制是一个以规则为导向的组织,被认为是一个公正的国际贸易组织。这也使人们认为在这个进步的机制下,发展中国家的利益会得到好的保护。但是目前还很少有学者对此进行实证研究。文章以2001年至2006年的贸易争端为样本研究对象,研究争端解决机制改革的效用,发现发展中国家作为申诉方会比发达国家作为申诉方获得更多的应诉方让步。而且当应诉方为发达国家时,发展中国家获得让步的可能性较大。     

The determinants and consequences of across-the-board trade restrictions in the U.S. economy

This paper examines the effect of macroeconomic fluctuations in the determination of across-the-board trade restrictions in the U.S. economy.

The empirical results reported show that generalized trade intervention is most immediately affected by wealth transfer abroad through the trade balance and not by a slowing in employment growth. Furthermore, trade restrictions are associated with a decline in the stock market and aggregate employment.     

低碳经济对国际贸易发展的影响

低碳经济对国际贸易将带来深刻的影响,其主要影响方面为:随着低碳经济在全球的迅速兴起,国际贸易格局将进行重大调整;低碳经济创新碳金融,进一步拓展国际服务贸易内涵;低碳经济将催生新一轮技术革命,促进国际技术贸易和技术转让的竞争与合作态势;与低碳经济相关的单边贸易措施与多边贸易规则的潜在冲突,可能成为新贸易壁垒。     

近十年WTO框架下国际反倾销状况及趋势实证研究

在中国加入WTO十周年之际,本文根据WTO官方网站所提供的数据,从国际反倾销措施发起的数量、国别、地区和行业分布等角度综合分析WTO成员方所提起的国际反倾销措施的状况,以期揭示WTO框架下国际反倾销措施的特点、原因和趋势等情况。同时,本文也分析和总结我国近10年来反倾销的状况和趋势,以便更好地应对国际贸易摩擦和有效地维护国家的利益。     

论商标平行进口问题对我国国际贸易的影响

商标平行进口问题一直争议较大 ,在我国情况也是如此。随着我国对外开放的深入和加入世界贸易组织后 ,及实践中这类案件发生呈上升趋势的形势 ,这一问题越来越引起人们的关注。对商标平行进口问题及对我国国际贸易的影响进行分析 ,提出以“原则上禁止商标平行进口行为的同时 ,一定条件下例外地允许平行进口。”为指导完善我国相关法律的建议。     

Impact of political dispute on international trade based on an international trade Inoperability Input-Output Model: A case study of the 2012 Diaoyu Islands Dispute

While political disputes occur frequently and widely among many countries, their impact on the international trade is unclear and less systematically investigated. Considering the 2012 Diaoyu Islands Dispute, under several premised assumptions, this paper applies the international trade Inoperability Input-Output Model to determine the indirect economic loss and to screen out Chinese industries that are sensitive to the dispute. Results based on Leontief's technical coefficients matrix show that the total indirect economic loss of China's gross trade is between RMB 540.4226 billion and RMB 1023.3068 billion. Industries that are sensitive to the dispute include electrical equipment and machinery, general special equipment manufacturing, metal smelting and rolling processing, manufacture and processing of metals and metal products, and chemical. The empirical findings suggest that China establish an early-warning mechanism and trade assistance system, so that key industries that were damaged could be properly compensated.     

影响中国企业在澳大利亚投资的政治经济因素分析

中国政府的走出去战略以及庞大的外汇储备为中国企业对外投资创造了坚实的基础,而澳大利亚国内资本的缺乏也为中国企业投资提供了良好的契机。中国企业在澳大利亚的投资计划既有成功的案例,也有失败的教训。影响中国企业在澳大利亚投资成败背后的政治经济因素包括投资敏感产业、两党政治、中国企业的国有产权性质及制度差异等。中国企业在澳投资应建立在产业链中的互信关系,并适应东道国规则。     

国际贸易中电子代理人缔约能力之分析

在现代的国际贸易中,一系列自动化交易系统大大简化了交易程序,提高了交易效率,这些自动化、智能化的交易程序即为电子代理人。目前,电子代理人对国际贸易的影响日渐凸现,并由于其介入也引发了一些法律问题。依据民商法、对外贸易法的理论及现行法律规定、联合国以及各主要国家立法关于电子代理人的规定外贸电子代理人不具有独立的缔约能力。     

产品内分工下中国自由贸易的环境效应——基于联立方程模型的实证分析

文章基于产品内分工的视角,构建了关于自由贸易环境效应的联立方程模型,并利用中国11个东部沿海省市1992～2010年间的面板数据对该模型进行了估计。结果表明:在产品内分工背景下,SO2污染排放的三个经济决定因素的影响都是显著的,其中规模效应的影响显著为正,说明了自由贸易引致的生产规模的扩大增加了SO2污染排放;而结构效应和技术效应的影响显著为负,表明自由贸易带来的产业结构的调整和技术进步有利于减少SO2污染排放。其总体效应为正:产品内分工下中国自由贸易有利于减少SO2污染排放,对环境产生积极的影响。     

The political economy of regulations and trade: Wine trade 1860–1970

Dramatic changes in the 1860–1970 wine trade provide insights on the political economy of regulations and policy instrument choice and trade. An invasion of Phylloxera in the 1870s turned France from the world's leading exporter to a massive importer of wine and grapes. When French production recovered a combination of tariffs, safety regulations and quality standards were introduced to protect its French producers, causing dramatic changes in global wine and grape production and trade, including in Spain, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Changes in wine regulations were caused by relative income and loss aversion factors in political economy. Tariffs were the preferred policy instruments as they directly restrict imports, bring in revenues, have low transaction costs and are preferred political instruments when there are information imperfections. Safety regulations and quality standards, including labelling and input prohibitions, reduce asymmetric information for consumers or undesirable externalities, and simultaneously protected domestic producers. Regulations were often targeted at imported products (wine and raisins) when tariffs were ineffective or constrained by institutions (such as on colonial wine). Hence, tariffs and quality regulations were jointly used in wine policy, both as complements and as substitutes in policy design.     

WTO视角下中国(上海)自由贸易试验区知识产权保护问题探析

中国(上海)自由贸易试验区(简称"上海自贸区")不是世界贸易组织体制下的国际自由贸易区,而是根据《中国加入世界贸易组织议定书》所建立的国内特殊经济区。知识产权保护是世界贸易组织密切关注的重要议题,上海自贸区知识产权保护也是不可回避的焦点问题。"一线监管放开"的上海自贸区不是知识产权侵权的避风港,上海自贸区应当加强知识产权保护政策体系建设,严格知识产权海关执法;利用"先行先试"的优惠政策,在知识产权管理和执法体制方面为促进和完善国家知识产权政策体系提供示范效应,并为知识产权规则的国际协调提供实证支持。     

知识产权保护对国际贸易的影响及中国的对策

随着经济全球化的深入,知识产权保护的国际贸易化特征凸显,发达国家与发展中国家在与贸易有关的知识产权保护领域的矛盾与冲突加剧,国际市场及利益分配格局发生改变.充分认识知识产权保护对国际贸易的影响并制定相应的知识产权策略,是中国以及广大发展中国家的重要课题.     

WTO《原产地规则协议》对贸易的影响

多边贸易体制中的"原产国标记"与乌拉圭回合《原产地规则协议》对用于海关贸易统计的一般原产地规则做出了原则性规定,但对优惠原产地方面却没有制订出为世界各国所接受的多边规定,致使优惠原产地规则被滥用,对世界贸易产生不均衡性影响。我国原产地规则领域存在的问题突出表现为立法滞后、法规不周详不健全;出口货物原产地授予标准过宽,致使原产地规则不具备宏观调控和投资结构政策导向功能;进口商品原产地认定标准过宽,危害我国幼稚产业的健康发展等方面,导致我国加工贸易减少,对我国吸引外商投资的环境改善将产生不利影响。     

产业内贸易对中国农产品贸易影响的实证研究

文章以农产品产业内贸易为研究对象,利用G\|L指数,从分类和行业两个角度,对中国农产品产业内贸易的发展程度进行了评估。研究发现：虽然现阶段,中国农产品贸易仍然以由资源禀赋所主导的产业间贸易方式为主,但在某些农产品的贸易中,产业内贸易方式已经上升到了主要地位,并且未来有继续增长的趋势。进一步地,考虑产业内贸易的特殊性,建立中国农产品进、出口联立方程组模型进行实证分析,结果表明：农产品产业内贸易客观存在,并且其有助于促进中国农产品贸易的增长。因此,发展纵向一体化合作,力求在产品差异化竞争中取胜,是刺激产业内贸易增长,进而扩大农产品贸易规模的有效途径。     

Influence of International Trade Agreements on International Business: A Conceptual Model

The article provides a conceptual model, developed from analyzing over fifty trade agreement related research studies published during the last decade, which allows international business scholars to explore the influence of trade agreements (custom unions, free trade agreements, preferential trade agreements, regional trade agreements) on foreign market entry strategies. This model is an attempt to develop IB theory to address the current research gap in this very narrow but important allied field. Empirical findings generated by interviewing dairy produce exporters in New Zealand reveal a remarkable connection between TAs and IB, with TAs found to influence the regulative environment of participating countries, which may in turn reduce the regulative distance between member nations. The contribution provides a basis for IB researchers to explore this connection in multiple industries/countries.