环境对企业家精神培育的影响研究——基于内蒙古地区企业家的实证检验

以内蒙古地区企业家为研究样本，研究环境对企业家精神培育的影响作用。结果表明，制度环境对企业家精神的培育具有显著的正向影响；社会文化环境对企业家精神的培育具有显著的正向影响；教育环境对企业家精神的培育具有显著的正向影响；企业环境对企业家精神的培育具有显著的正向影响；而行业环境对企业家精神的培育没有显著的正向影响。     

Singapore's Bilateral Merchandise Trade Linkages with Japan and the United States: Trends,Patterns and Comparisons*

This paper analyses and compares trends and patterns in Singapore's bilateral merchandise trade relations with its two largest trading partners, Japan and the United States (US). Over the period 1976–1992, the analyses reveal that both Japan and the US have been relatively over-represented as Singapore's trade partners. However, whereas Singapore's trade with Japan has become more intensive in recent years, that with the US has become less so. Computations reveal that the degree as well as level of Singapore's intra-industry trade with the US has exceeded that with Japan. Nevertheless, while the degree of Singapore's intra-industry trade with Japan has been consistently increasing since 1981, bilateral trade with the US since 1987 has become increasingly inter- rather than intra-industry. The important nexus between trade and FDI is also highlighted.     

Social history as economic history in Sweden. Some remarks

Abstract

During the last two decades social history as a subject has developed rapidly, with regard both to the number of its practicioners as well as the general interest it attracts within the international academic community. In a book of some years ago D.C. Coleman even emphasized that its success has been so great that it has had a tendency to outcompete discourses of older and more distinguished standing; that is, political history as well as economic history. In several countries — particularly Britain — social history has acquired its own departments, and has thus created problems for the older and less buoyant disciplines which have had to compete with this vital and growing new subject for funding and students.¹     

Foreign aid,government behaviour,and fiscal policy in Papua New Guinea

The paper explores a number of long standing questions surrounding how foreign aid has influenced the fiscal behaviour of the PNG Government. This includes whether grant aid has encouraged the PNG government to be less fiscally responsible and accumulate higher levels of foreign debt; whether grant aid has tended to lower the PNG government's domestic revenue raising efforts; whether grant aid has drawn government expenditures away from key service delivery sectors; and whether budget support and project and program aid have had differential effects with respect to any of the foregoing questions. The analysis reveals several important insights regarding the interplay between foreign aid and public sector fiscal behaviour including evidence that grant aid has been an important source of debt reduction during this period. However, grant aid has tended to erode the domestic tax base, which has limited the government's ability to increase aggregate expenditure levels. Evidence is also found that suggests a significant portion of budget support was spent on key development sectors, although it also undermined domestic revenue collection. A number of policy implications follow.     

关于山东经济区域划分的思考

中共十五大以来 ,滁州市个体私营经济出现了良好的发展势头 ,数量和规模在快速增长 ,经济实力与国民经济的关联度、对社会的贡献在显著增大 ,经济活力不断增强 ,已成为滁州市跨世纪进程中重要的经济增长点。但与全国相比 ,与沿海发达城市相比 ,差距仍然很大 ,因此仍须大力发展     

可持续发展背景下的国际贸易与生态环境关系分析

生态环境对可持续发展的影响,虽然经历了一段相当长的认识过程,但随着人们对可持续发展的认识增强,重视生态环境保护也已经成为全世界的共识。理清经济发展中国际贸易与生态环境之间的既相互促进又互为制约的关系是确保可持续发展战略不可或缺的部分。在全球化助推国际贸易大幅发展的背景下如何保护生态环境促进可持续发展,避免人类因生态环境的破坏"吞食各种悲剧而又无可挽回的恶果"的目标依然任重而道远。     

Structure and Ownership of East German Enterprises

This paper investigates the process by which East German enterprises have been privatized and their resulting ownership and control structure. A corporate system with a very high level of concentration of ownership has been created. This is particularly closely associated with ownership and direct control by West German companies. The paper argues that this has allowed East German enterprises to gain access to finance, markets, and managerial skills which they might otherwise have been denied. The resulting "insider" system of corporate control will over time allow East German companies to participate in the control of their own and West German companies. The Treuhandanstalt has organized the privatization process to achieve certain industrial and social objectives. It has broken up the large multiplant enterprises to an extent that East German enterprises are now smaller than their West German counterparts. It has used informal liquidations rather than formal bankruptcies to be able to achieve its objectives. Privatizations have not involved the flotation of companies on the stock market. Instead, the Treuhand has arranged share and asset transfers on a scale which is in excess of merger activity commonly observed in the West. J. Japan. Int. Econ., Dec. 1995, 9(4), pp. 426–453. University College London, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin, and CEPR; Oxford University and CEPR     

Transactional activities and total factor productivity growth in Taiwan

Total factor productivity (TFP) growth shows how rapidly an economy is enhancing technology and the efficiency with which it allocates resources. It has been argued that “miraculous” growth in East Asian economies may not be sustainable, due to relatively low rates of TFP growth. Among these economies, it appears that Taiwan has indeed exhibited substantial technological progress. Failure to control for transactional activities, however, can distort the impression of TFP growth. This study recalculates Taiwan's TFP growth for the 1957–1993 sample period, adjusting for transaction costs in the government and private sectors. For the early years of the sample, 1957–1973, the economy's technological progress is better than GDP-based calculations suggest. In recent years, 1983–1993, productivity improvement has been overstated, but the economy has still exhibited relatively fast TFP growth.     

Food,fare and nutrition some reflections on the historical development of food consumption

Abstract

Cajsa Warg's old maxim ‘One eats what there is’ — apparently self-explanatory in its simplicity — has a different significance for the understanding of the historical development of food consumption and diet from what might be expected at first glance. The absolute food surplus which industrial and post-industrial society has generated during the last century has helped to conceal certain essential links between food consumption and more general economic and social development in fare-industrial society which was not characterised by self-generating and constantly increasing growth. The assumption of food scarcity in former times, allied to a paucity of research in this field, has among other things conjured up an image of a continual improvement and increase in food consumption coupled with the massive rise in productive capacity during the most recent centuries.     

On the decomposition of the harberger tax incidence equation

Conclusions This paper has re-examined an important area in tax incidence analysis: how the famous Harberger equation can and should be decomposed. The well-known and generally accepted decomposition scheme proposed by Mieszkowski has recently been challenged byH-H, with potential ramifications concerning the significance of the general equilibrium approach pioneered by Harberger. It has been shown that this challenge has been misplaced:H-H failed to appreciate the equal yield requirement in the Mieszkowski scheme and, consequently, their proposed method of decomposition is of little economic content. This analysis reaffirms the validity and usefulness of theH-M approach.This paper was written when the author was on the faculty of Louisiana State University. The views expressed herein are his and do not necessarily reflect those of the IMF or its staff.     

The effect of the equal rights amendment on the economic status of women

Conclusion The empirical analysis of the effect of stateERA's on the economic status of women yielded mixed results. The amendment has provided more job opportunities and promotions into male-stereotyped occupations. TheERA, however, has not commensurately provided equal pay for equal work or higher relative pay. Yet, on balance, theERA has provided gains for women. The employment gains progressed slowly but steadily between 1969 and 1976. Women in states that passed an equal rights amendment have made a small but substantial stride toward equality with men.     

Singapore’s Bilateral Merchandise Trade Linkages with Japan and the United States: Trends,Patterns and Comparisons

This paper analyses and compares trends and patterns in Singapore’s bilateral merchandise trade relations with its two largest trading partners, Japan and the United States (US). Over the period 1976-1992, the analyses reveal that both Japan and the US have been relatively over-represented as Singapore’s trade partners. However, whereas Singapore’s trade with Japan has become more intensive in recent years, that with the US has become less so. Computations reveal that the degree as well as level of Singapore’s intra-industry trade with the US has exceeded that with Japan. Nevertheless, while the degree of Singapore’s intra-industry trade with Japan has been consistently increasing since 1981, bilateral trade with the US since 1987 has become increasingly inter- rather than intra-industry. The important nexus between trade and FDI is also highlighted.     

Sozialgeschichte und Medizin

Abstract

In recent decades historical demography has attracted increasing interest in Europe. Of the main demographic variables, mortality has been treated from several angles, but the central question of the causes of death has been dealt with fairly summarily until now not because of any lack of sources (Swedo—Finnish material in particular is both copious and relatively reliable) but mainly because of the lack of scholars equally competent in medicine and social history.     

Pollution abatement efforts: a regional analysis of the Chinese industrial sector

Although China has had rapid economic growth, it has borne a more significant economic burden or loss because of environmental pollution. However, the country has addressed this problem with various pollution abatement efforts. Some prior studies analysed the relationship between such efforts and pollution emissions, but did not show how these efforts affect pollution reduction. This study investigates the effects of pollution abatement efforts on industrial SO_X, NO_X and CO₂ emissions in the context of pollution reduction in China by panel data for 29 provinces from 1995 to 2010. The empirical results are as follows. First, emissions have increased rapidly in the 2000s. Second, rapid income growth has led to a greater increase in emissions. Third, pollution abatement would assist improvements in environmental quality. Further, this study reveals that abatement efforts affect emissions through the adoption of pollution removal measures.     

Finlands economy during the period of the gold standard

Abstract

The fruitful co-operation between economic history and economics has grown in scope and strength. In his investigations the economic historian has increasingly applied the methods and viewpoints of economic research; and in the field of economics there has been a growing understanding of the significance of the help to be obtained from economic history in expanding the range of economic statistics and other data. Just as, for example, national income calculations and other economic statistics have to-day been brought up to approximately equal standards in the different countries, so there is now an interest in extending these calculations as far back into history as possible. It has already proved possible in Sweden to take fairly reliable national income calculations back to the 1860s, but in Finland the corresponding data have so far been available only from 1926. Consequently, Finnish economic studies have tended, with a few exceptions, to be restricted in time to analyses of the 1930s and the post-war era. This has provided a rather narrow basis for investigations of, for example, business cycles; it has meant in fact that only one complete cycle has been examined, together with various other trends in the economy which were in many ways made exceptional by the war. The statistical background of what is termed economic growth, to which increasing attention has also been paid of late in Finland, has seemed especially limited. There is thus considerable need in Finland to enlarge the range of economic statistics, and the publication of Professor Heimer Björkqvist's work must therefore be greeted with satisfaction. It illustrates many aspects of the development of Finland's economic life during the functioning of the gold standard mechanism from 1878 to 1918, and it contains much new statistical material for the period, e.g. a wholesale price index.     

哈尔滨市非公有制经济发展研究

近年来,哈尔滨市非公有制经济发展迅猛,在促进全省经济繁荣、增加就业、推动创新和促进改革等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。但也存在着一定的问题,如：民营企业整体素质亟待提高,体制性、机制性的障碍依然存在,有关非公经济的政策还没完全落实到位等。为此,应紧密结合全市非公经济发展的实际情况,认真学习和深刻领会十七大和省十次党代会精神,推动全市非公经济又好又快发展。     

The impact of black mayors on the black community: The case of New Orleans’ ernest morial

Conclusion Dutch Morial is deeply respected by the New Orleans black community. According to a poll conducted in April 1983 by Rose-Stekler Associates, 80% of the black respondents gave Morial “excellent” or “good” job ratings, compared to only 11% who found him doing a “fair” or “poor” job. Despite very limited resourses, the Morial mayoralty has facilitated the entrance of the black middle class into the governmental process, providing access to city contracts and administrative positions. On the other hand, the black underclass has received meager rewards in the form of employment or a reduction in police brutality. Hopefully, economic development, in the long-run, will create jobs and provide additional city revenue to fund services for the poor. But for now, the primary impact of a black mayor on the black community of New Orleans has been symbolic kinds of benefits. Yet the potential positive benefits of a black mayor serving as a role model for black youth, as well as the value of civil rights rhetoric in fostering hopefulness and a more self-reliant black community, should not be underestimated. The characterization of the status of the civil rights movement in 1983 offered by C. T. Vivian, head of the Anti-Klan Network, well applies to New Orleans black community today: “Everything has changed and nothing has changed. The statistics are still terrible. But the atmosphere is totally different.”⁴⁹     

Why Local Resources Management Institutions Decline: A Comparative Analysis of Van (Forest) Panchayats and Forest Protection Committees in India

Building and nurturing institutions are most challenging tasks in any development work. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the rise and fall of institutions involved in the management of forest resources. This has been done through comparative case studies of Van (Forest) Panchayats of Uttaranchal and Forest Protection Committees of West Bengal in India. As has been documented, Van Panchayats have been created as a response to the people’s movement against forest reservation at the beginning of the 20th century. The concept of Forest Protection Committees under Joint Forest Management in India has recently emerged in response to the severe degradation of forest resources and the persistent conflicts and movements against the State. The paper goes on to explain the evolution, management systems and effectiveness of these institutions along with the issues they are confronted with in the management and protection of forest resources.     

Book Review

Abstract

The importance of Swedish iron ore to the re-armament and wartime economy of Nazi Germany has been touched upon in a number of writings about the international politics of the period here under review. Erik Lonnroth has demonstrated how the question of continued ore deliveries constituted the flashpoint of Swedish-German relations during the 1930s.¹ Gunnar Häggläf describes the Swedish Foreign Office's balancing act between English and German desires in regard to the ore trade, and their role in the regulating of trade with the two belligerents in the autumn of 1939.² Magne Skodvin has explored the strategic and economic aspects of the attack on Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940.³     

China's emergence and the reorganisation of trade flows in Asia

The emergence of China has intensified the international segmentation of production processes within Asia, but has not created an autonomous engine for the region's trade, as Asia still depends on outside markets for its final goods exports. The reorganisation of production has weakened the position of the advanced economies in Asia's trade, but up to now has not severely affected the position of the emerging Asian economies. However, the deterioration of China's terms of trade raises the question of the sustainability of its recent growth strategy.