Modeling Nonrenewable Resources Use with Multiple Demands and Multiple Sources

The theoretical literature following Hotelling (J Polit Econ 39:137–175, 1931) assumed that all nonrenewable resource needs are satisfied by one type of resource (e.g. “oil”), extractible at different per-unit costs. This formulation implicitly assumes that all users are the same distance from each resource pool, that all users can switch costlessly from one type of resource to another (e.g. liquid fossil fuels to coal or vice-versa), and that all users are subject to the same regulations. These assumptions imply, as Herfindahl (Extractive resources and taxation. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp 63–90, 1967) showed, that in competitive equilibrium all users will exhaust a lower-cost resource completely before beginning to extract a higher-cost resource: simultaneous extraction of different grades of oil or of oil and coal should never occur. In trying to apply the single-demand curve model during the last twenty years, several teams of authors have independently found a need to generalize it to account for users differing in their (1) location, (2) resource needs, or (3) regulatory environment. Each research team found that Herfindahl’s strong, unrealistic conclusion disappears in the generalized model; in its place, a weaker Herfindahl result emerges. Since each research team focussed on a different application, however, it has not always been clear that everyone has been describing the same generalized model. The goal in this paper is to integrate the findings of these teams and to present an easily accessible generalization of the nonrenewable resource model to multiple demand curves.     

不可再生保险资源约束下的保险业最优增长研究

风险是未来致损事件的不确定性,风险没有过去和存量概念,具有类似时间的一维性。因此,一定的社会政治经济、法律制度和文化习俗环境下,一定时间和地域空间内的具体风险载体可能存在的可保风险是有限的,是不可再生的耗竭性社会经济资源。通过某一社会经济系统在某时刻的保险产业资源投入、保险单份数和保险赔偿金的数理模型构造,考察相关政策变量的变动,分析了在保险资源不可再生约束下的保险业可持续发展的最优增长规律。研究表明在不可再生保险资源约束下,单位保单保费收入增长的充要条件是客观存在的,通过相关可控政策变量的调整,保险业是可实现最优增长的。另外,各国保险增长路径模式的差异只不过是保险经济活动专业化分工在一定制度文化背景下的演化适应与市场博弈而形成的路径不同而已。如果缺乏保险发展所需要的制度激励机制和文化背景,想要通过保险增长的优化达到促进经济增长则是很难的。     

国有资本投资收益监管的研究

文章通过我国国有资本投资收益监管的现状分析后 ,发现国有资本收益的完整性和有效性遭到破坏 ,大量的国有资本收益转移或流失。造成国有资本收益转移或流失的根本原因是国有资本管理体制上的原因 ,国有资本产权关系没有理顺 ,产权制度改革滞后 ,同时 ,经营者与所有者之间信息不对称导致的经营者不规范行为也是重要的原因 ,因此 ,文章提出了解决国有资本收益完整性和有效性问题的方法体系 ,即哲学层次的一般方法 (最基本方法 )、产权层次的系统方法 (重新构建国有资本监管体系 )和信息层次的具体方法 (解决问题的具体措施 )的方法体系。     

我国居民消费风险与资产收益的关联分析

居民的跨期消费选择会对资本市场带来影响,本文将消费资本资产定价模型应用于我国资本市场,对居民消费、利率与股票收益率的联动进行了广义矩法检验.检验结果对于资产收益率种类以及工具变量具有较大的敏感性,但数据与模型之间的拟合比较好,结果无法拒绝消费资本资产定价模型.因此,不能否认消费增长率与利率、股票收益率之间的联系是存在的,我国居民的消费波动会对利率与股票收益率施加影响.鉴于此,政府应加强对居民消费支出的调控,这将有益于我国资本市场的稳定发展.     

社会资本累积与家庭收入分化

已有的研究表明,社会资本累积对经济增长和家庭收入增长会产生重要影响,居民家庭社会资本存量存在显著差异,但在其累积过程中却不存在明显的城乡差别,家庭居住地的经济环境和政府行为对家庭社会资本的累积无显著影响,社会资本累积对家庭收入的影响并不显著。     

生态资源的资本转换

生态资源系统是一个复杂集合体，具有整体性、区域性、多用性与特殊性同时并存的特点，因此，我们必须坚持因地制宜、整体与重点相结合、资本转换利用与资源保护相结合、聚集与整合相统一、经济效益与社会效益并举的原则，通过项目开发转化模式、产品开发转换模式、节庆开发转换模式、运营商开发转换模式等具体途径，实现其生态资源的资本转换和价值增值。     

人力资本积累与农户收入增长

采用2003—2010年全国农村固定观察点微观面板数据,运用统计性描述和计量分析方法,基于回报率和贡献率双重视角,本文研究了人力资本积累对农户收入增长的影响、作用路径及其变化趋势。研究发现:健康、基础教育、技能培训和工作经验所体现出的人力资本对农户收入增长有显著作用,总贡献率为38.57%。其中,健康和基础教育是影响农户收入的核心人力资本变量;人力资本主要是通过劳动性收入对农户收入产生影响,对以外出务工收入为核心的工资性收入的回报率和贡献率最为显著;随着农村市场化改革推进,人力资本对农户收入的回报率和贡献率却均呈现弱化趋势。坚持提升农户人力资本积累的基本战略,完善市场机制配置资源与财富的作用,对于农户收入水平提高具有重要作用。     

Economic Growth And Productivity Gains From Capital Inflow: A Reply

Journal of Quantitative Economics -     

劳动力流动、家庭收入与农村人力资本投入——基于CFPS微观数据的实证研究

该文利用2014年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,通过Probit模型与OLS模型实证分析了在不同收入水平下,劳动力流动对全国农村家庭人力资本投入的影响。结果表明,从全国范围的全样本看,农村家庭人均收入水平在7000元左右与26000元左右存在两个阶段"门槛",当农村家庭人均收入水平低于7000元左右时,劳动力流出将会显著地提高农村家庭进行教育投入的概率与投入力度;而当农村家庭人均收入水平介于二者之间时,劳动力流出将会减少农村家庭进行人力资本投入的概率,但有人力资本投资的家庭仍会显著提高家庭人力资本投入的力度。当农村家庭人均收入水平高于26000元左右时,劳动力流出将会显著地降低农村家庭进行教育投入的概率与投入力度。农村家庭生活的宽裕程度与农村劳动力就业选择种类的多少是造成农村家庭进行教育投入概率与投入力度变化的原因。     

Gains from Trade versus Gains from Migration: What Makes Them So Different?

Would unrestricted “economic” migration enhance the potential gains from free trade? With free migration, consumers' feasible sets become non‐convex. Under standard assumptions, however, Walrasian equilibrium exists for a continuum of individuals with dispersed ability to afford each of a finite set of possible migration plans. Then familiar conditions ensuring potential Pareto gains from trade also ensure that free migration generates similar supplementary gains, relative to an arbitrary status quo. As with the gains from customs unions, however, wealth may have to be redistributed across international borders.     

Optimal Income Taxation with Endogenous Human Capital

This paper augments the theory of optimal linear income taxation by taking into account human capital accumulation as a dimension of labor supply. The distribution of earning potentials is endogenous because agents differ in the ability to learn. Taxation affects utilization rates of human capital through labor supply responses. The costs of education that are not deductible from the income tax distort the learning decision as well. We show theoretically that the trade‐off between efficiency and equity is worsened. Quantitative analysis shows that the distortionary costs of taxation increase substantially when human capital formation is endogenous.     

Redistributing Gains from Globalisation*

This paper analyses the effects of redistribution in a model of international trade with heterogeneous firms in which a fair‐wage effort mechanism leads to firm‐specific wage payments and involuntary unemployment. The redistribution scheme is financed by profit taxes and gives the same absolute lump‐sum transfer to all workers. International trade increases aggregate income and income inequality, ceteris paribus. If, however, trade is accompanied by a suitably chosen increase in the profit tax rate, it is possible to achieve higher aggregate income and a more equal income distribution than in autarky, provided that the share of exporters is sufficiently high.     

The Efficiency Gains from Deregulation

We analyze the efficiency gains from deregulating monopolies using an equilibrium rent seeking model. McCormick, Shughart and Tollison (1984) argue that the initial effort to establish regulation dissipates the monopoly profit, limiting the gain from deregulation to the efficiency cost of monopoly. We establish conditions under which this proposition holds; in particular, the initial rent seekers must fail to anticipate the possibility of deregulation. Additionally, through application of the standard rent seeking model, we establish that the potential welfare gains exceed the cost of achieving deregulation. Our results provide support for policies aimed at eliminating monopoly and other types of economic distortion.     

Factor Taxation, Income Distribution and Capital Market Integration

This paper addresses the optimal mix of capital and wage taxation when policymakers maximize the political support of workers and capitalists, subject to a fixed revenue requirement. Capital market integration increases the efficiency costs of a tax on capital but simultaneously changes the political equilibrium through its effect on the distribution of factor incomes. These distributional effects are directly opposed in the capital importing and the capital exporting region. While the capital tax rate will always be lowered in the capital importing region, the tax rate in the exporting country will rise when political resistance to market-induced changes in the distribution of income is sufficiently high.     

Foreign Management,International Capital,and Income Redistribution

This paper examines the impact of foreign management as a separate input in a competitive economy open to both international trade and international movement of productive capital. Three inputs (capital, labor, management) are used to produce two final goods in a model characterized by competition, homogeneous products, and full employment. This model provides a simple starting point for the study of multinational firm activity, building on the fundamental competitive factor proportions model of production and trade. A clear distinction arises between international movements of capital and management, and international movements of the two inputs are linked. [F 11, F 23]     

Regional Integration and the Co-ordination of Capital Income Taxation

This paper addresses the question of the need for income tax harmonization in the context of regional integration. It analyses the international distortions and fiscal interdependence arising in the presence of tax rate differentials both under a theoretical and an empirical perspective, and with reference to actual experiences of harmonization attempts. Attention is also paid to the influence of the countries' size on the results, to the strategic behaviour of countries under different international taxations rules, and to the relationships with the countries excluded by the integration process. International tax uniformity does not appear to be the preferable solution, even if some form of concerted agreements might help in reducing inefficiencies deriving from taxation differentials. For instance, in the case of highly mobile factors, like financial capital, if the integrating countries apply the source principle and the interest rate is the same across them, the source-based tax rate on non residents must equal the residence country tax rate on residents. Such a rule would allow the countries to set autonomously their tax rate and, at the same time, eliminate cross-border effects. If there are more than two integrating countries, the tax rates on non residents should discriminate according to the internal tax rate of the residence country.
(J.E.L.: H87, F20, H20).     

技术进步、工资差距与人力资本形成

本文在劳动力异质的假设下通过建立一个二元经济模型分析发展中国家技术进步与收入差距的关系,结果显示技术进步主要通过直接和间接两种途径影响收入差距:其一,通过提高相应劳动力的劳动效率,提高其工资;其二,通过收入差距的扩大,吸引劳动力进行人力资本投资,从而劳动效率的提高,影响其收入.并得也结论,不同类型的技术进步对收入差距的影响存在较大差异,而这种差异在某种程度上影响人力资本投资,因此,在城乡转化的过程中,要缩小收入差距必须选择适当的技术进步,而且还要结合长期经济发展注意保持相应的收入差别.     

家庭背景、人力资本与个人收入差异

使用2005年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,采用基于回归方程的因素分解方法,对造成个人收入差异的因素及其影响程度进行比较分析。结果表明,除了个人教育水平外,家庭背景因素也是造成收入差异的重要原因,个人教育水平能解释收入差异的26.3%,父母的教育水平和职业地位能够解释收入差异的13.8%。劳动力市场制度的完善,会缩小家庭背景的作用,从而减少收入差异和增进经济效率。     

人力资本积累、收入分布演化与经济增长

本文建立了一个同时含有物质资本、人力资本积累及收入分布演化的内生增长模型,来研究人力资本积累、收入分布演化与经济增长的相互作用.我们发现,更高的初始收入差异将通过直接降低人力资本增长率与间接提高下一期的物质资本与人力资本比这两个渠道对经济增长率产生负面影响.另一方面,降低收入差异能获得更高的人力资本与经济增长率,这将使得低收入国家有可能追赶上高收入国家.