韩国针对生物技术农产品的规定概况

为了保护消费者的利益，韩国政府针对生物技术产品制定了多项管理规定。目前，参与管理生物技术产品的政府机构有好几个，根据有关建议，未来将有更多的政府机构参与其中。政府实施的相关标签规定已经影响到美国对韩国的食用玉米和食用大豆     

现代农业生物技术与政府管理:一个研究综述

本文考察了目前国内外现代农业生物技术与政府管理方面的研究进展，主要涉及现代农业生物技术的经济福利分析、各利益相关者的行为和态度分析、农业转基因生物安全性管理、与现代农业生物技术相关的知识产权和公共投资、转基因农产品国际贸易等方面，并在此基础上提出了现代农业生物技术全面创新管理的思想。     

加快我国农业现代化进程的政策取向

本世纪50、60年代,占世界耕地面积40％、人口24％的发达国家相继实现农业现代化。由于各国国情不同,农业现代化模式也呈现多元化格局。美国、俄罗斯、加拿大、澳大利亚等依托经济、科技、资源的雄厚实力,走的是以机械化为主的节劳型农业现代化道路;日本、荷兰、以色列等依托科技、政策,走的是节地型为主的道路;而法国、德国、英国等多数发达国家,走的是节地节劳复合型道路。由于发达国家已相继实现农业现代化,加上其食     

入世对我国农业保护的政策取向

农业作为低竞争力部门离不开特殊的政策保护,但在WTO框架下的保护政策必须有相应的调整,我国入世后的农业保护政策应充分考虑到WTO规则的要求与制约,变直接的农业补贴与价格支持为农业基础投入、绿色支持以及农业的智力开发投入,以增强入世后农业的竞争力,实现农业的可持续发展。     

现代生物技术及其在农业中的应用：机遇、挑战与政策框架

一、现代生物技术革命与农业、农民当今世界有 1 0亿人生活在绝对贫困状态 ,其中 70 %是农民 ,大多数居住在热带地区 ,饱受着各种灾害。化肥农药投入对他们来讲是昂贵的 ,同时过度使用还会影响家庭健康与生态环境。砍伐森林是他们唯一能多生产食物的途径。成年人转移到城市 ,但也难以找到理想胜任的工作以养活全家。生物技术革命以及与此相关联的信息技术正在改变着健康与生活 ,正在为富裕国家带来财富。这种革命能给贫穷国家带来福音 ?这种新技术革命的机遇、问题与风险是什么 ?我们如何去适应它 ?美国和欧盟正在对转基因食物的影响展开争…     

我国农业财政支出的政策取向解析

我国农业财政支出政策取向主要包含农业公共性财政支出,农业调控性财政支出和农业保护性财政支出等三种,我国农业财政支出政策的有效实施对当前形式下,建立社会主义新农村,促进农村经济发展,提高农民收入意义重大,必须增加对粮食生产的支持力度,农业公共性财政支出,发展现代农业,建立长期有效的保证机制,符合城市和农村发展统一规划.     

农业转基因技术与“与知识产权有关的贸易条约”对农民的影响

全球75%的人口生活在农村地区,农业是他们生存的主要依靠。发展中国家知识产权法的出现,对依靠收获所得种子进行种植的全世界14亿男女种植者带来了潜在的巨大的消极影响。目前,在主要的作物上存在着9000多项专利权,其中44%由4个跨国公司持有。 专利将使种植者和育种者难于获得种子和遗传资源。对小种植者来说,因为特许使用费的支付,合同的限制和日益商业化,种子将会变得更加昂贵。一旦育种公司有权主张种植者每年都要购买新的种子,并对后者保有种子的行为进行追究,那么就会大大损害种植者保有,种植、交换和出售(受保护)的种子的权利。 种植本地品种的种子不仅有利于生物多样性的保护,而且能够维持贫穷种植者的生存。农作物的基因多样性,使种植者和育种者能够根据不断变化的自然条件,经济和社会压力,来选择种植最为适宜的品种。明确的,统一的和稳定的植物品种,为威胁生物多样性保护和生存安全的特殊品种的培育提供了动机。 农业领域的知识产权将根本颠覆发展中国家的农业生产方式。贫究的种植者和Naseer Bhumman和Leopldo Guilaran,他们在市场上本来就处于弱势,如果国际市场又对其进行歧视,他们就会变得更加脆弱。     

转基因农产品的相关政策选择

近年来农业生物技术迅猛发展。转基因植物种植面积从1996年的13．7百万公顷增长到2003年的677百万公顷。18个国家的700万农民在种植转基因产品,基因改良作物被越来越多的国家所接受。相对而言,我国转基因农产品占全球份额仍显得极为弱小,2003年中国转基因农产品占世界转基因产品总量的4％。     

生物技术在玉米育种中的应用

随着我国经济和科技的不断进步,我国农业的生产种植技术水平也不断提高,生物技术被广泛地应用于农业生产种植中,对我国的农业生产带来了巨大的影响。在玉米育种中,生物技术与传统常规育种技术的完美结合,使得培育出的新型玉米品种具有高产、抗逆、抗病的特点,并且有效提高了玉米育种的效率。本文对基因工程技术在玉米抗病、抗虫、抗药剂和品种改良方面的相关应用进行了分析。     

现代农业生物技术创新管理与中国农业竞争力

现代农业生物技术创新,风险与利益并存,潜在社会经济影响显著。在复杂的国际经济法律环境中,世界各国加强立法,趋利避,害既反映了消费者主权和生态环境保护的要求,又体现着各国在生物高科技和农业竞争力方面的较量。在此背景下,中国应根据农产品贸易格和发展生物科技的优劣势条件,调整发展战略,实施立法管理。     

Science Policy and Agricultural Biotechnology in Canada

This paper examines Canadian science and technology (S&T) policies in the 1990s and the growth of the agriculture biotechnology sector. Drawing from several different data sources, we show that advances in biotechnology have made a substantive contribution to the agri-food landscape as evident by the growth in biotechnology companies, as well as the number of approved genetically modified field trials and canola biotechnology patents issued to inventors. We also show that Canadian inventors do not appear to have harvested a substantive number of enabling canola biotechnology patents as compared to U.S. and European inventors.     

The Effects of Agricultural R&D on Chinese Agricultural Productivity Growth: New Evidence of Convergence and Implications for Agricultural R&D Policy

This article measures and compares the effects of agricultural research and development (R&D) on total agricultural factor productivity growth for 29 Chinese provinces from 1986 to 2011. Using the convergence test proposed by Phillips and Sul ( 2007 ), the study finds strong evidence of convergence in total agricultural productivity growth and positive correlation between growth and public investment in R&D. The analysis of convergence indicates that the productivity gap between different regions in China has lessened, suggesting agricultural productivity is convergent across all provinces in China. We find R&D being statistically and economically more important in technological catch‐up than in innovation. Human capital also plays a major role in productivity growth. The finding of strong positive inter‐region spillover effects implies that expanding cooperation across regions for public agricultural research is more efficient and training of researchers can improve total factor productivity, especially in less productive regions. Cet article mesure et compare les effets de la recherche et du développement agricoles sur la progression de la productivité totale des facteurs agricoles au sein de 29 provinces chinoises de 1986 à 2011. Au moyen du test de convergence proposé par Phillips et Sul ( 2007 ), l′étude révèle des preuves manifestes de convergence de la croissance de productivité agricole totale ainsi qu'une corrélation positive entre cette progression et les investissements publics en recherche et en développement. L'analyse de convergence démontre la diminution de l′écart de productivité dans les régions de la Chine, suggérant la convergence de la productivité agricole à la grandeur des provinces chinoises. La recherche et le développement sont ainsi proposés comme étant statistiquement et économiquement plus importants dans le rattrapage technologique que l'innovation. Le capital humain joue aussi un rôle majeur dans la croissance de la productivité. Les forts effets positifs de débordement entre les régions laissent entendre que la coopération grandissante en recherche agricole publique à travers les régions s'avère plus efficace, et que la formation des chercheurs peut améliorer la productivité totale des facteurs, surtout dans les régions moins productives.     

Agricultural Biotechnology: A Comparison of Consumers' Preferences for Selected Policy Options

This paper reports on a study of consumers' preferences for regulatory policies that relate to food biotechnology. Data on consumers' choices of selected policy options were collected through a telephone survey of Alberta residents conducted in early 2000. Conditional and mixed logit models were developed and tested. These assess the influence of different socio-economic factors on respondents' choices of particular policy options and are used to estimate respondents' willingness to pay for two policy options that were the major focus of the study, specifically:

• •

  a food labeling system that gives more information about agricultural biotechnology for

       
  
  

Reaping What We Sow: Emerging Issues and Policy Implications of Agricultural Biotechnology

This essay assesses the U.S. government's role in managing rapid biotechnological change in agriculture. Many scientists hail recent agricultural biotechnology developments as steps toward solving the health, nutrition, and environmental problems that have plagued the world for decades. At the same time, some fear these biotechnological advances will leave a legacy of environmental threats, health problems, and ethical dilemmas for future generations. The impacts of these technologies on economies and the environment are unpredictable and government's role in regulating GM (genetically modified) technologies will need to be different than its functions in traditional agricultural policy. In this article, we consider current federal regulation of GM products, consumers' apprehensions about GM food, possible market failures due to agricultural biotechnology, and the policy significance of scientific uncertainty. We then suggest policy approaches that can address concerns about biotechnology and ensure that the potentially widespread public benefits from GM crop production are not ignored.     

中国农业科研投入的理论分析和政策建议

推进新的农业科技革命,实现农业和农村经济新的跨越式发展,是我国农业科研工作的根本任务,但是,长期以来,我国农业科研投入严重不足,体制也亟待创新。本文测算了近十年来我国农业科研投资的密集度,并对有关农村科研投入的若干问题进行了理论探讨,提出了若干新的政策设想。     

The Evolving Structure of Chinese R&D Funding and its Implications for the Productivity of Agricultural Biotechnology Research

China’s research and development (R&D) policy has changed considerably over recent decades, and great changes occurred in 2006 when the main programme objective of China’s R&D changed from the 863 Programme and 973 Programme to the National Science and Technology Major Project. One topic that has drawn extensive attention is whether the investment reform improved R&D productivity in China. Using a unique panel dataset from 160 universities, this paper examines the effect of the investment reform on productivity improvement in China’s agricultural biotechnology sector. We use a panel count data model with a dynamic feedback mechanism to model the knowledge production process. Strong evidence indicates that the investment reform greatly contributes to knowledge output production in China’s agricultural biotechnology sector. We also find that the input quality is more important than the absolute quantity; human research capacity exhibits the greatest contribution to the output of patents; past knowledge accumulation helps produce more patents; and entry barriers to patent production exist in China’s agricultural biotechnology sector. Moreover, the patent explosion in China may have been largely caused by improvements in the human capital input quality.