1,4-丁二醇生产技术的工艺探讨

近年来,升级版的限塑令催生了对于可降解塑料的需求,核心原料1,4-丁二醇也成为了业内关注的焦点。文章介绍了目前1,4-丁二醇行业现状,对工业上1,4-丁二醇的各种生产技术进行了工艺探讨,重点从原料来源、技术特点、生产成本等方面对顺酐法和炔醛法进行了比较。     

近期四氢呋喃价格飞涨

1国内消费依赖进口 四氢呋喃(THF)是一种重要的有机合成原料和性能优良的溶剂，有糠醛法、顺酐法和1，4-丁二醇(BDO)法3条工业化合成路线。世界上80％的THF是用BDO法生产的。2001年初，国外有19家公司生产THF，总能力为43．6万t／a。目前我国THF生产能力约为2．1万t／a，产能     

国内外1，4-丁二醇的生产现状及前景分析

1，4-丁二醇（简称BDO）是一种重要的有机和精细化工原料，它被广泛应用于医药、化工、纺织、造纸、汽车和日用化工等领域。由BDO可以生产四氢呋喃（THF）、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）、V-丁内脂（GBL）和聚氯酯树脂（PUResin）、涂料和增塑剂等，以及作为溶剂和电镀行业的增亮剂等。表1详细介绍了BDO的主要应用领域。     

全球丁二醇市场前景看好

一、用途 1，4-丁二醇（BDO）是一种是重要的有机化工产品，是附加值较高的精细化工产品及合成革的主要原料，主要用于生产聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）、 γ-丁内酯（GBL）、聚氨酯（PU）、四氢呋喃（THF）、共聚多酯醚（COPEs）、聚四亚甲基乙二醇醚、N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮等。此外，还用于合成维生素B6、农药、除草剂以及溶剂、增湿剂、增塑剂、医药中间体、链增长剂和胶粘剂等。     

1，4-丁二醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合一体化Cu-Zn-A1催化剂的制备

γ-丁内酯和2-甲基呋喃是重要的有机化工中间体。现开发了常压脱氢加氢耦合一体化制γ-丁内酯和2-甲基呋喃的新工艺，在耦合过程中，糠醛加氢反应释放出来的热可以用于1，4-丁二醇脱氢反应，而1，4-丁二醇脱出的氢可以用于糠醛加氢。现将合成甲醇和水煤气转化的Cu-Zn-Al体系催化剂用于1，4-丁二醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合反应，采用不同的铝源制备催化剂。     

石油大学合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯的非光气法开发成功

石油大学与胜利油田国际石油开发投资有限公司成功地开发非光气均相催化法合成苯氨基甲酸甲酯(MPC)新工艺。该工艺以碳酸二甲酯(MDC)和苯胺为主要原料，合成MPC，进一步合成生产聚氨酯原料4，4-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)。目前工业上MDI生产均采用极毒原料的光气法路线。相比之下，该新工艺所用原料、催化剂等都是无毒或低毒化合物，而且中试放大工艺采用全封闭式循环反应模式和压力反应容器。     

1,4-丁炔二醇合成工艺及其催化剂发展概述

1,4-丁炔二醇是由甲醛和乙炔为原料,在催化剂的作用下通过炔化反应合成,因为其下游产物1,4-丁二醇是一种重要的化工有机原料,被广泛应用在医学、化工、石油等领域。而通过丁炔二醇加氢反应制取1,4-丁二醇占到了全球产量的35%以上,所以1,4-丁炔二醇合成具有其重要的价值。本文就1,4-丁炔二醇的合成工艺方法和所使用的催化剂发展做简要概述。     

中国将引领全球丁二醇市场需求快速增长

1，4-丁二醇（BDO）是一种是重要的有机化工产品．是附加值较高的精细化工产品及合成革的主要原料．主要用于生产聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）、γ-丁内酯（GBL）、聚氨酯（PU）、四氢呋喃（THF）．共聚多酯醚（COPEs）、聚四亚甲基乙二醇醚、N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮等。此外．还用于合成维生素B6、农药、除草剂以及溶剂、增湿剂、增塑剂、医药中间体、链增长剂和胶粘剂等。     

产需基本平衡扩能应慎重--我国丁二烯生产及市场前景

丁二烯是一种重要的石油化工基础有机原料和合成橡胶单体，是C4馏分中最重要的组分之一，在石油化工烯烃原料中的地位仅次于乙烯和丙烯。由于其分子中含有共轭二烯，可以发生取代、加成、环化和聚合等反应．使得其在合成橡胶和有机合成等方面具有广泛的用途，可以合成顺丁橡胶(BR)、丁苯橡胶(SBK)、丁腈橡胶、苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯弹性体(SBS)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)树脂等多种橡胶产品，此外还可用于生产己二腈、己二胺、尼龙66、1，4-丁二醇等有机化工产品以及用作粘接剂、汽油添加剂等，用途十分广泛。     

顺酐产业将应对供大于求

顺酐主要应用于玻璃钢行业的原料不饱和聚酯树脂（UPR）；加氢类产品中的1，4-丁二醇（BDO）、四氢呋喃（THF）和γ-丁内酯（GBL）；也应用于涂料、润滑油添加剂、农药、酒石酸、琥珀酸及酐、四氢苯酐、改性松香等方面。     

灰色预测模型在陕西省电力消费量预测中的应用

电力消费是人们日常生活必不可少的,随着城市的大力发展,有效地对电力消费进行预测显得越来越重要。本文采用灰色预测模型GM(1,1),建立陕西省电力消费量预测GM(1,1)模型,验证预测精度,进一步对2011-2015年陕西省的电力消费量进行预测,为今后陕西省的电力规划提供参考价值。     

Pathways to reduce the environmental footprints of water and energy inputs in food production

With climate change and population growth, the pathways for reducing the environmental footprint of food production are increasingly sought, but poorly understood. This paper sketches the environmental footprints of water and energy use in food production systems. The main objective is to present an empirical application, to help identify the main pathways to reducing the footprints. The agricultural system of rice, wheat, and barley production on selected farms in the southern Murray Darling Basin in Australia is used as a case study. Further insights are gained through a review of the data published in pre eminent journals. Together the analysis indicates that boosting water productivity and improving energy use efficiency in crop production operations are the two possible pathways to reducing the environmental footprints of water and energy inputs in food production. These generic conclusions have implications for water, food and environment policy.     

天津石化200kt／a聚酯装置短期生产决策案例分析

根据中国石化股份公司天津石化分公司（简称天津石化）200kt/a聚酯装置的缺点，运用微观经济学，计量经济学以及管理会计的原理和方法，对该装置的生产负荷，中间品深加工，品种变更等短期生产决策进行分析和讨论，试图探索一种简易的短期生产决策方法。     

Energy systems analysis for food policy

Recent work on energy systems analysis of food production systems has demonstrated the importance of energy to the food production sector of the economy. We show how energy requirements for food production are closely related to the intensity of production, and that there is a quantifiable trade-off between land and energy use. This trade-off is quite different for vegetable and industrial food as opposed to animals and fish. Thus the energy consequences to food production from changes in diet, shrinking land resources or increasing population may be readily computed.     

Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Systems in Distributed Generation Systems

The distributed generation as well as the combined production of electrical energy and heat for domestic use in order to increase the energy efficiency becomes more important and both technically and financially feasible. However, feasibility and efficiency can be significantly increased by decoupling the production of heat or power or the referring demand in order to operate the production units in the most efficient way. Thermal storage systems connected to combined heat and power units offer the opportunity of such a decoupling of production and demand for heat in domestic or industrial use. In this article, based on an analysis of different thermal storage technologies, a model is introduced for optimal operation of thermal storage connected to combined heat and power units in terms of the generation costs or contribution margin as extension of an energy generation planning and trading optimization method. Moreover, the application, coordinated operation and participation in spot markets of such plant-storage-combinations are evaluated.     

Supplying vegetables to Asian cities: is there a case for peri-urban production?

In this paper, we analyse the dynamic interplay between peri-urban vegetable producers and their changing production and marketing environments in Asia, using examples from urban conglomerates in South, Southeast and East Asia. We discuss income generation, labour use, management of land and water resources, use of urban and market waste materials and health and food safety aspects. We conclude that peri-urban vegetable production, even though currently economically viable, is unlikely to be able to compete in the long run for scarce land and labour resources, unless alternative production technologies become available and the positive externalities generated by peri-urban agriculture become internalised. There is thus an urgent need for interdisciplinary research aimed at developing such technologies as well as for integrated economic and environmental analyses that take explicit account of interactions between peri-urban producers, the urban waste management sector, municipal planners and consumers.     

Fertiliser and food policy in LDCs

At a time of fertiliser scarcity and high prices it is important to know more about the poorly understood relationships between fertiliser and food production. Fertiliser price increases are reflected in increased prices for food which poses a dilemma for governments attempting to increase food production and minimise rising prices. Through the use of a simple macro-model these relationships are discussed and the policy insights they offer. Impact of price receives special attention because of its frequent use as a policy instrument.     

Steady progress with Hazard and Operability Studies

The use of Hazard and Operability Studies is slowly spreading in the production areas of the chemical industry. Not only are applications more widespread within the originating company (ICI), but other companies both in the UK and in continental Europe, are starting to use this approach. The value of the technique in detecting operability problems as well as hazards is starting to be appreciated. Applications in the R&D area are also developing along similar lines although well behind the production area and possibly still confined to ICI. Various forms of training are becoming available and increasing interest is being shown by the regulatory authorities concerned with planning permission for chemical plants.     

Impact of water scarcity in Australia on global food security in an era of climate change

Australia is a major food exporting country. Recent droughts reduced dryland farming production and the volume of water allocated to irrigated agriculture, with a resulting decline in aggregate agricultural production and exports. This paper analyses the possible impact of increased water scarcity on Australian agricultural production and the magnitude of subsequent impacts on global food security. Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on land and water use coupled with a hydro-economic stochastic modelling approach, the impacts of reduced agricultural production in the southern Murray–Darling Basin, and more generally for Australia, are analysed. Changes in agricultural activity, reduction in agricultural exports and altered composition of products exported attributed to the severe 2000–2009 drought are also analysed to highlight the implications for global food security. The impact of climate change on food production is examined. The analysis shows that climate change, when modelled as the extreme case, along with other factors such as land use, will impact Australian food exports. Despite its relatively small contribution to total global food supply, Australia’s contribution to international trade in wheat, meat and dairy products is substantial and could affect global food prices. Furthermore, Australia’s agricultural exports are of disproportionate importance within the South- and South–East Asian and Oceania region, both in terms of volume and for strategic reasons. Adaptation along with investment in agriculture production is needed to maintain Australian agricultural production and enhance global food security.     

The effect of decoupling on the decision to produce: An Irish case study

This paper assesses the impact of decoupling on farming in Ireland. The decision to engage in production post decoupling is simulated using profit maximising multi-period linear programming models. The number of farmers that would financially benefit from disengaging from production is projected. The results of the economic models suggest that significant restructuring is likely to occur at the farm level as a result of decoupling. Projections of farmers’ production decisions post decoupling are compared and contrasted to the results of a survey of farmers’ production intentions. The comparison shows that despite the significant changes in profitability that decoupling could engender, the majority of farmers intend to continue as before and are unlikely to change their production patterns. The survey of farmers’ intentions indicates that a large number of farmers still seem to consider the decoupled payment linked to production. The implications of these results for land use, agricultural production and farm numbers are discussed.