基于生态安全视角的耕地生态补偿财政转移支付研究以湖北省为例

目的 基于生态安全视角,通过建立耕地生态安全状况与地方土地财政的定量关系,解决耕地生态保护资金来源问题,建立地方政府耕地生态保护行为激励模式。方法 文章利用耕地投入—产出的能值理论,从“压力—状态—响应”方面选取17个指标建立耕地生态安全评价体系,评价2017年湖北省103个县（市、区）的耕地生态状况,构建计量模型揭示耕地生态安全与地区土地财政之间的关系,划分生态补偿区域并建立耕地生态转移支付模型。结果 湖北省耕地利用能值结构偏不合理,农业机械、农药和化肥等投入量较大,耕地的产出—投入比偏低;湖北省耕地生态安全状况水平偏低,大部分粮棉油基地多属于耕地安全临界区及安全敏感区,且耕地生态安全水平差异显著,生态安全值最低地区为江汉区（0.301 1）,最高为利川市（0.663 4）;通过新增建设用地建立两者之间的关系可得,耕地生态综合评分值每增长1个单位,新增建设用地对应减少2.809 hm²,地方政府土地财政收入减少283.203万元。计算得耕地生态支付区达46个,其中江汉区支付额最高（15 859.368万元）,受偿区共22个,其中恩施市受偿额最高（7 645.695万元）,各县（市、区）的财政转移支付额度占其当年财政总收入的比例在0.120%~3.861%,具有可操作性。结论 为实现耕地高效持续利用、建立地区政府耕地生态保护激励机制、创新生态补偿资金来源提供新视角。     

基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的耕地资源环境承载力分析以安徽省颍上县为例

目的 通过测算县域尺度耕地资源环境承载力,为耕地数量、质量与生态“三位一体”保护提供参考,为农业绿色高质量发展提供支撑。方法 文章根据DPSIR模型构建安徽省颍上县耕地资源环境承载力的评价指标体系,并采用改进的TOPSIS方法与障碍度模型,测算了2010—2019年安徽省颍上县耕地资源环境承载力指数并识别了制约当地资源环境承载力的障碍因子。结果 （1）2010—2019年从承载力指数看,颍上县耕地资源环境承载力总体呈现出“波浪式”上升的态势。其中,2010—2013年耕地资源环境承载力指数0.36下降至0.33;2014—2019年耕地资源承载力指数从2014年0.41上升至2019年0.70,承载力水平实现了从中级向良好的转变。（2）从障碍因子看,影响耕地资源环境承载力的关键因子由高标准农田比例、农药施用强度、土壤有机质平均值、免耕面积比转变为人均农业产值产出、人均耕地面积、土壤pH。结论 颍上县耕地资源环境承载力目前处于良好水平,同时在基础设施、体制机制等方面还有提升空间,为此提出以下政策建议：（1）加快高标准农田建设,提升耕地产能。（2）科学合理利用耕地,推进农业绿色发展。（3）加强土壤环境监测与治理,建立耕地保护的激励与管控机制。     

遥感数据辅助下县域耕地质量评价与空间分布研究

目的 耕地质量监测与评价是实现耕地科学管护的重要前提。方法 文章以河南省安阳县为研究区,依据“状态—压力—响应（PSR）”框架,构建遥感数据辅助下的耕地质量评价指标体系和模型,分析耕地质量空间分布特征和障碍因素。结果 研究区耕地质量空间分布呈现出聚集性和空间变异性交错耦合的分布特征,耕地质量由东向西逐渐降低,一等、二等、三等、四等、五等耕地质量分别占比7.45%、12.34%、17.83%、33.40%、28.89%;有机质、碱解氮、NDVI_DRY为研究区耕地质量主要障碍因子;随着耕地质量等级的升高,不同等级中小麦产量的均值也随着逐渐升高,说明耕地质量越好,耕地小麦产量越高。结论 遥感数据辅助下的县域耕地质量评价具有系统性、科学性和可靠性,安阳县耕地质量提升重点在于提升丘陵地区土壤肥力和农田水利基础设施。     

新型城镇化背景下耕地保护与建设用地集约利用协同发展研究

目的 研究中部地区城镇化、耕地保护、建设用地集约利用子系统之间的耦合度和协调发展度,以期为中部地区的区域协同发展、绿色发展提供一定的理论与实践参考。方法 文章运用熵值法确定各评价指标权重,利用耦合度模型、协调发展度模型测算2004—2017年中部地区城镇化、耕地保护、建设用地集约利用系统协调发展水平,进而分析中部地区各省协调发展演变的时空特征。结果 （1）2004—2017年中部地区城镇化、耕地保护、建设用地集约利用系统协调发展度由0.542上升至0.797,增长47.05%,协调发展水平从中度协调提升到高度协调。（2）经过14年的发展,中部地区城镇化水平有很大提升,其发展速度远远高于耕地保护和建设用地集约利用。（3）2004年只有山西城镇化—耕地保护—建设用地集约利用系统处于高度协调状态,其他5省都处于中度协调状态;2017年山西仍然处于高度协调状态,江西、安徽步入高度协调阶段,而河南、湖北、湖南提升到优度协调状态。结论 研究期间中部地区城镇化—耕地保护—建设用地集约利用系统协调发展度呈稳步上升趋势,但协调发展度水平不高;城镇化发展速度比较快,耕地保护承受巨大压力;中部地区城镇化、耕地保护、建设用地集约利用协调发展水平具有不均衡性,存在显著的时空差异。     

1998—2018年中国城镇化发展与耕地压力动态关系研究

目的 利用1998—2018年中国大陆31个省（自治区、直辖市）的面板数据,文章系统考察了近20年中国粮食主产区、产销平衡区和主销区城镇化发展与其耕地压力的动态变化规律。方法 借助协整理论和脉冲响应函数检验城镇化发展与耕地压力之间的长期稳定均衡关系与短期动态变化。结果 （1）中国城镇化发展水平从1998年的35.55%上升到2018年的61.82%,整体呈增长态势,但3类粮食产销区的城镇化发展水平却存在较明显差异。2018年粮食主销区的城镇化水平已达74.6%,明显高于产销平衡区的51.88%和主产区的58.98%。（2）中国耕地压力指数呈快速增长—缓和波动增长—加速增长三阶段特征,且主销区耕地压力指数从1.22增加至19.39,耕地压力形势严峻;产销平衡区由1.21增加至2.08,已面临一定程度的耕地压力;而粮食主产区则由0.73降低到0.65,尚处于耕地压力安全区。（3）城镇化发展与耕地压力存在一定的长期均衡关系,但在3类粮食产销区具有差异性的表现特征。结论 研究认为应根据3类粮食产销区的实际耕地压力状态及其与城镇化发展的动态关系,分区域制定差别化的耕地保护政策和城镇化发展策略。     

基于熵权可拓物元模型的土地利用多功能性诊断

目的 文章通过对土地利用多功能性进行合理划分,从经济、社会、生态三个方面出发确定15个指标诊断安徽省土地利用多功能性状况,以加强安徽省土地利用多功能性分析的准确性,为促进区域土地利用的可持续发展提供依据。方法 构建土地利用多功能性评价指标体系,采用熵权可拓物元模型和障碍度模型对2006—2016年安徽省土地利用多功能性进行诊断研究。结果 2006—2016年安徽省土地利用多功能性在不断改善,经历“差—一般—良好”的等级演变过程,但2016年呈现出的“良好”等级状态并不稳定;历年来制约安徽省土地利用多功能性的障碍因子主要是城市污水处理率、就业率、人均GDP、城市化水平、产业结构、单位耕地农药负荷、单位耕地化肥负荷和人均水资源量,目前最主要的是教育投资强度不足,应进一步加强教育方面投入。结论 熵权可拓物元模型可以在对各指标综合质量信息进行分析的基础上反映其稳定程度,障碍度模型进一步对主要障碍因子障碍度进行诊断,能够揭示土地利用多功能性存在的具体问题,对其评价具有一定的适用性。     

广西边境地区耕地多功能时空分异格局与集聚特征分析

目的 文章以格网为评价尺度精细测算和分析广西边境地区耕地利用“四维度”功能的时空分异及权衡/协同关系,旨在为边疆土地安全科学发展提供思路和方法借鉴。方法 多目标决策法、Spearman秩相关分析法、双变量空间自相关模型、聚类分析方法。结果 （1）2000—2018年耕地利用多功能存在显著空间分布异质性和波动性,耕地的社会保障功能、生态安全功能均呈现减弱后增强态势,而经济生产功能、安全发展功能则逐渐减弱;（2）耕地利用多功能间交互作用大多呈协同关系且程度不一,随时间的推移权衡程度逐渐增强;（3）耕地利用多功能权衡/协同关系空间集聚性突出,协同区大体呈现“多核心”团聚发展格局,权衡区变化相对稳定;（4）根据主导功能及权衡/协同关系将广西边境地区划分为功能协同发展区、功能权衡发展区、生态主导发展区,并提出了具体措施。结论 边境耕地利用多功能应以安全协调可持续发展为导向,划分不同管护区并提出优化建议以提升边境耕地多功能复合利用。     

安化县耕地资源生态安全空间差异分析

针对安化县耕地特点及面临的主要生态问题,基于压力—状态—响应（PSR）模型构建了指标体系,运用主成分分析法对安化县耕地资源生态安全进行评价,在此基础上分析了安化县耕地资源生态安全的空间差异,并提出一系列改善耕地生态安全状况的措施。     

乡村多功能视角下耕地资源资产价值核算研究

目的 耕地资源具有经济、社会和生态三大功能,与乡村生产和生活密切相关。由于比较经济效益较低,耕地出现了面积减少、质量下降等现象,对耕地保护与粮食安全形成较大冲击。全面核算耕地资源资产价值,对于加强耕地资源保护、优化国土空间开发格局均具有重要意义。方法 文章从经济功能、社会功能和生态功能3个角度辨析了耕地资源内涵,提出了更全面的耕地资源价值指标体系,并以A县为例核算耕地资源的资产价值。结果 （1）乡村振兴背景下,耕地资源的社会服务价值更为突出;（2）缩小城乡收入差距的社会价值核算可以突显城乡协调发展中的问题;（3）生态损失是影响耕地资源可持续发展的重要因素,应在耕地资源价值核算中充分考虑。结论 有必要从加强保护耕地资源社会价值、推进农业核心技术攻关、提升农业供给效益、改善耕地肥力和减少耕地污染等方面提升耕地资源资产价值。     

广西边境地区耕地非农化的空间特征与迁移路径

目的 耕地非农化影响1.2亿hm²（18亿亩）耕地保护红线现象引起了政府和学界的高度重视,有效掌握耕地非农化演变空间特征是保护耕地的重要前提。方法 文章以广西边境3个地级市的23个县域地区为研究区,通过构建重心模型、标准差椭圆模型分析刻画1980—2018年耕地非农化速度与方向,并利用空间自相关分析其空间特征。结果 （1）1980—2018年4个时期内耕地非农化面积呈“N”型波动增长的趋势,其中2010—2018年耕地非农化面积最大,为49 367 hm²;1990—2000年耕地非农化面积最小,为5 270 hm²,耕地非农化面积高值区主要集中在城镇化水平较高的区域城市中心。（2）耕地非农化速度具有空间非均衡性,标准差椭圆面积往东南方向持续扩张,耕地非农化空间上总体由西北部往东南方向迁移,区域之间的差距逐渐扩大。（3）广西边境地区耕地非农化面积存在显著的空间正相关关系,但集聚优势逐渐下降,“高—高”聚类的空间变化主导了耕地非农化面积的空间自相关关系的格局演变。结论 研究揭示了广西边境地区耕地非农化空间格局演变过程,可为边境地区制定耕地非农化管控机制和优化国土空间结构提供参考。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.