贸易保护主义对我国出口贸易的影响及对策

发达国家贸易保护主义逐渐抬头,对我国实施了以反倾销、技术性贸易壁垒、农业补贴和保障措施为主要形式的贸易保护主义措施,给我国出口贸易带来了不利影响。我国只有针对性采取对策,才能保证我国出口贸易的正常发展。     

扩大进口促进贸易平衡之思考

随着改革开放的深入以及对外贸易发展政策和措施的实施，我国与世界经济的联系日益紧密，相互影响日益加深，对外贸易迅猛发展，规模空前扩大。在2003～2007年世界经济繁荣时期，我国出口贸易快速增长，贸易顺差持续上升，2008年为2981．3亿美元，达到历史最高水平。受金融危机和世界经济衰退影响，2009年我国出口贸易减少。     

中国出口贸易态势及拓展对策

自东南亚金融危机爆发以来，我国出口贸易受到很大的负面影响，1998年出口贸易出现了自改革开放以来首次负增长，比1997年下降了0.5％；1999年前5个月比去年同期下降了5．3％。显然，1999年我国出口贸易形势依然十分严峻。如何对当前出口贸易形势进行正确的判断以及采取正确的扩大出口贸易措施，是本文所要探讨的问题。一、出口贸易面临的困难（一）东南亚金融动荡增加了我国拓展市场的难度。东南亚国家金融动荡的直接结果之一是其货币大幅度贬值，导致进口成本急剧上升，进口能力急剧下降。在我国人民币不贬值的情况下，我国向这些国家出口…     

WTO《贸易技术壁垒协议》与我国出口贸易

技术性贸易壁垒巳经成为影响我国出口贸易的一大问题，本文分析了国际技术性贸易壁垒的种类，技术性贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响，并在此基础上分析了我国遭受发达国家技术性贸易壁垒的一些原因，并提出了应对措施。     

美日保险管制模式改革的比较与借鉴

不同国家在对保险业实施管制的实践中，形成了各自不同的保险管制模式，其中美国和日本的保险管制模式最具有代表性。20世纪90年代中后期以来，两国保险管制模式分别采取一系列的改革措施，或收敛过去的过度管制行为，或将现有法律制度之间不衔接的空缺加以弥补，并呈现出某些趋同化的态势。尽管保险管制放松趋势是主流，但是我们也不能盲目追随。最重要的是，认清保险管制改革的背景及保险管制放松的动因。     

从外贸管理向外贸管制转变：外贸管制刍议

文章依据管制经济学的基本原理，对我国外贸管制的基本问题做出了初步的探讨，认为随着我国市场经济体系的日益完善，政府应当在不违背市场规律的条件下，通过各种立法或行政性措施建立直接作用于微观企业的外贸管制体系，实现外贸管理向外贸管制的转变。文章分析了外贸管理与外贸管制的区别，对外贸管制的内涵、外贸管制的机构、外贸管制的内容等做了初步的界定。     

国民经济恢复时期的外汇管制

本文认为国民经济恢复时期我国的外汇经营管理体系是整顿改造旧中国外汇市场的基础上创建的，主要由管理机构、专营银行、外汇交易所构成。国家实施的外汇管制主要有贸易项目管制、非贸易项目管制、人民币、外币、金银项目管制、汇率管制。外汇的管制取得明显成效，彻底改变了旧中国外汇市场的畸形状态，但也存在一些缺点，如“集中管理、统一经营”的方针从长期看不利于发挥外贸企业创汇的积极性；市场机制的消亡使我国失去了一个有效的外汇收支调节器。本文还从治理通货膨胀、保护民族工业、防止民间资本外逃倾向等方面分析了这一时期外汇管制形成之因。     

反垄断管制放松与我国的反垄断管制立法实践

反垄断管制是纠正市场失灵常见的管制措施。20世纪70年代以后由于政府管制的失灵、技术经济条件的变化、经济全球化的要求以及理论认识上的深化与转变，各国反垄断管制都出现了放松的趋势，这对于指导我国的管制实践具有重要的意义。     

我国出口贸易中存在的问题与对策

近年采我国的出口贸易得到了极是的发展．出口贸易地住上升至世界第三位,成为贸易大国．但在出口贸易方式等方面还存在不少问题,要想发展成为贸易强国,还需要相关部门．尤其是出口企业积极采取应对措施。     

如何正确选择出口合同付款方式

经济全球化给商界创造了前所未有的参与国际竞争的机遇，更多种类的商品在更多的国家销售。同时，经济全球化也为中国的出口贸易发展创造了良好的发展环境，我国通过不断增长的出口贸易，大大促进了国家经济的发展，出口贸易在我国经济建设的重要地位不言而喻。但是，随着出口贸易中货物数量和复杂程度的增加，出口贸易的风险不断增加。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上,尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能,资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标,以求真实反映银行经营的成果,有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系,从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.