产品市场竞争对公司代理成本和代理效率的影响

从总体上看,产品市场竞争能有效地降低上市公司代理成本,抑制管理层过度消费现象,同时激烈的市场竞争也能促使管理层更加努力工作,客观上提高了上市公司的代理效率。加入产权因素进行分析发现,产品市场竞争对不同产权性质背景的上市公司的治理作用存在差异性。相对于国有企业,产品市场竞争对非国有企业代理成本、代理效率影响更显著。面对激烈的市场竞争,非国有上市公司代理成本将会显著降低,同时代理效率将会显著提高。     

融资约束、代理成本与企业非效率研发投资研究

通过构建一个异质性双边随机边界模型,以湖北省上市公司为样本,定量考察了融资约束和代理成本对企业非效率研发投资的影响方向及程度。结果表明：①融资约束和代理成本对企业研发投资水平具有重要影响,并且,融资约束对企业研发投资的影响程度强于代理成本;②整体上湖北企业研发投资较最优水平低18.05%,但约32.84%的公司研发投资高于最优水平,约59%的公司研发投资不足程度超过10%;③企业非效率研发投资的异质性较强,地方国有企业和民营企业普遍研发投资不足,中央国有企业研发投资效率较高。创新引领中“政府之手”作用的有效发挥应考虑对不同企业分类施策、精准引导。     

融资约束、代理成本与企业非效率研发投资研究——来自湖北省上市公司的经验证据

通过构建一个异质性双边随机边界模型,以湖北省上市公司为样本,定量考察了融资约束和代理成本对企业非效率研发投资的影响方向及程度。结果表明:(1)融资约束和代理成本对企业研发投资水平具有重要影响,并且,融资约束对企业研发投资的影响程度强于代理成本;(2)整体上湖北企业研发投资较最优水平低18.05%,但约32.84%的公司研发投资高于最优水平,约59%的公司研发投资不足程度超过10%;(3)企业非效率研发投资的异质性较强,地方国有企业和民营企业普遍研发投资不足,中央国有企业研发投资效率较高。创新引领中"政府之手"作用的有效发挥应考虑对不同企业分类施策、精准引导。     

国有企业代理成本的影响因素研究

国有企业改革使得企业经营者的生产积极性得到了提升,但同时也出现了"内部人控制"问题,由此产生的代理成本侵蚀了企业的盈利能力。产权、竞争和公司治理三者都会影响国有企业的代理成本,而且它们之间还存在互动。对A股上市公司2000年~2006年面板数据的实证研究发现,与国有上市公司相比,民营上市公司的治理结构更完善,治理机制的效率更高,从而降低了民营上市公司的代理成本。除此之外,市场竞争程度加强也能够降低代理成本、提升代理效率,而且对于国有上市公司而言,竞争更加重要。     

媒体监督、公司治理与代理成本

文章以2001-2009年沪深两市上市公司为样本,考察了媒体监督、公司治理与代理成本之间的关系。研究发现,媒体监督能够降低企业的代理成本、提高代理效率;在降低代理成本和提高代理效率的具体问题上,媒体监督与公司内部治理机制表现出不同的作用和关系。这意味着要有效降低代理成本、提高代理效率,应当综合考虑中国当前的市场环境,结合企业具体存在的问题,配合使用不同的治理机制。     

外资银行进入与公司投资效率:缓解融资约束抑或抑制代理冲突?

外资银行进入既能缓解融资约束,也能抑制代理冲突,那么外资银行进入究竟如何影响公司投资效率呢？文章运用2005-2015年沪深两市A股上市公司数据,研究发现:外资银行进入可显著提高公司投资效率,而且这种效应在大规模公司中更加显著,表现出明显的“选摘樱桃”效应;与国有企业相比,外资银行进入对公司投资效率的影响在民营企业,尤其是大型民营企业中更加显著.进一步研究发现:外资银行进入整体上通过缓解融资约束与抑制代理冲突提高了公司投资效率,而缓解融资约束的作用更加显著;在民营企业中,外资银行进入主要通过缓解融资约束来提高投资效率,而在国有企业中,外资银行进入则通过抑制代理冲突来提高投资效率.文章补充和丰富了企业投资效率影响因素的相关研究,也为如何更好地引导外资银行进入并发挥其积极作用提供了参考.     

债务期限与投资决策互动关系中的非线性机制

代理成本理论是解读债务期限与投资关系的关键视角,投资不足与投资过度都是代理成本问题的表现形式。西方投资理论认为,短期债务可以有效降低代理成本,长期债务能够更好地缓解融资约束问题。然而,在较为复杂的代理成本机制主导下,债务期限对投资的影响呈现出非线性作用机制,不同投资区间债务期限选择会直接影响代理成本高低,进而影响投资效率。基于我国上市公司的经验数据可以发现,不同投资规模区间债务期限与投资遵循非线性关系的特征事实。在融资约束和制度不完备的背景下,上市公司应注重健全并完善公司治理机制,降低代理成本,方能优化债务期限选择,实现投资决策与外部金融环境间的良好互动。     

委托代理制下企业并购行为的重新审视

委托代理理论把企业并购行为看成是减少代理成本的出路,没有注意到并购行为本身是代理问题的表现,而不是代理问题的解决.并购就其自身而言,是利益相关者追求自身利益的经济行为.本文利用信息经济学与博弈论理论,从公司利益相关者的利益均衡角度对公司并购行为进行了经济学解释.     

公司治理中的代理成本问题研究综述

代理成本是公司治理要解决的基本问题,公司的内部治理结构和外部环境均会对代理成本产生影响。代理成本可以解释不同国家的融资方式和宏观经济表现,应从内、外部两方面来控制代理成本。中国国有企业问题的根本症结在于多重委托代理关系,应简化这种关系,明确权利与责任。进一步研究应考察代理成本在公司层面和宏观层面的外溢效应。     

产权、代理成本和代理效率

本文选择政府管制较少、竞争较为充分的电子电器行业作为研究对象,考察了产权制度与代理成本和代理效率的关系,得到以下结论:(1)在代理成本上,国有产权企业普遍高于混和产权企业,混和产权企业高于个人产权企业;在代理成本差异上,混和产权企业与个人产权企业的差异小于与国有产权企业的差异。(2)长期投资率和职工人数与代理成本呈显著正相关关系,而长期投资率、财务杠杆比率、职工人数等与代理效率呈显著负相关关系。(3)企业规模越大,不同产权的代理成本差异越小;反之代理成本差异越大。(4)随着市场竞争程度的提高,各类产权企业的代理成本都呈现下降趋势,其代理效率呈现提高趋势。我们研究的启示是国有企业改革的突破口应考虑如何降低其代理成本,解决的措施之一是产权改革,尤其是产权多元化的改革,其次是完善对投资和负债及冗员的监督和控制机制,以促进代理成本的降低和代理效率的提高。     

Health, Wealth, Fertility, Education, and Inequality

The authors use a new cross-country dataset to estimate the strength of the links between different dimensions of social and economic development, including indicators of health, fertility, and education, as well as material wellbeing. This differs from previous studies in employing data for different income groups in each country in order to provide direct evidence on factors driving inequality, and in using a unique measure of material wellbeing that does not rely on PPP comparisons.     

IPR,Trade, FDI,and Technology Transfer

In this survey, we discuss how intellectual property rights （IPR） protection in the South affects trade flows, foreign direct investment （FDI） flows, and technology transfers from the North to the South. We also discuss optimal IPR policies and their effect on innovation. Our discussion covers both theoretical studies and empirical evidence. This survey is both comprehensive and critical. It aims to give readers the current state of IPR and globalization literature. Some issues have been studied more thoroughly, whereas for others the surface has only been scratched upon. This survey gives readers a clearer picture of the literature and may help them find future research topics.     

Trade,Remittances, Institutions,and Economic Growth

This paper empirically investigates the role of trade, remittances, and institutions in economic development in a large sample of developing countries using recently developed instruments for all these variables. Both cross-country (over 30 years) and dynamic panel data (over 5-year periods) regressions of growth rates on instrumented trade, remittances, and institutions provide evidence of a significant impact of trade, institutions, and remittances on growth. While institutions foster growth, remittances hamper it. The effect of trade on growth is positive in cross-sectional regressions but ambiguous in dynamic panel data regressions. These results are indicative of a more important role for trade in explaining growth in the very long run compared with over shorter horizons.     

Country terms of trade: trends,unit roots,over-differencing,endogeneity, time dummies,and heterogeneity

The debate about the Prebisch-Singer thesis has focused on primary commodities with some extensions to manufactures. We analyse trends in country terms-of-trade for goods and services rather than those for commodities according to the World Bank income classification. We find that the natural logarithm of the terms of trade for all groups except for the poorest has common unit roots, but none has individual unit roots. As low-income countries have no unit roots over-differencing is inefficient and biases significance levels in first differences against the fall in the terms of trade. For the low-income countries the terms of trade of goods and services are falling at a rate that is significantly negative without and with endogeneity treatment by system GMM. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of time dummies supports the result of falling terms of trade for low-income countries. When all coefficients are country-specific 50% of all low-income countries have falling terms of trade in a simultaneous equation estimation using the SUR method. Food and financial crisis have no effect on the number of countries with falling terms of trade, but (dis-)improve the terms of trade or the significance of the results for a very small number of countries.     

Modinomics: Design,Implementation, Outcomes,and Prospects

This paper presents an analysis of the key elements of Modinomics, defined as “everyone's participation, everyone's progress.” It investigates the reasons why Modinomics was necessary, the key elements of Modinomics, and how this policy was implemented. It argues that India's economic policy has had continuity since the economic reform package of 1991, so Modinomics has involved a high component of better implementation. Nevertheless, there have been some major policy changes as well. The paper discusses the deep structural reforms of demonetization and a Goods and Services Tax as well the new Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act. The paper examines the record of economic growth under Modi as well as new welfare and employment programs to make economic growth more inclusive. Finally, the paper examines the medium and long‐term growth prospects for India.     

Excise taxes,over-shifting,cross-elasticity,and tax revenue

This article examines cross-elasticity effects in excise taxation for markets characterized by monopolistic competition and over-shifting. Extending the constant elasticity demand model to consider cross-elasticity leads to notably different results regarding tax revenue maximization. With nonzero but weak cross-elasticity effects relative to the price elasticity, we derive a higher optimal tax-price ratio compared to prior research. With strong cross-elasticity, revenue can continually be increased by raising the excise tax. Overall, the study offers government greater incentive to use excise taxes to obtain revenue.     

Basic income,liberal neutrality,socialism, and work

Liberal critics often object to basic income (BI) on the grounds that it violates reciprocity and is biased toward those who choose voluntarily to opt out of work and thus violate the principle of liberal neutrality toward conceptions of the good life. In the first part of this paper I argue that liberal neutrality favors BI. Marxist critics of BI are less likely to accept liberal neutrality, but I argue in the second part that the argument for BI in the first part applies with equal force to Marxist objections that BI is unfairly exploitative of workers. Marxists are also less likely to accept current labor market trends, seeing socialism as affording more opportunity for guaranteeing everyone a right to decent work, and suspecting BI of making the unfair inequalities of capitalism a little more palatable while diverting attention from a more equitable socialist alternative. I argue that BI is not incompatible with socialism or Marxism, and should not be opposed to but rather combined with strategies for full employment.