股票期权：构建商业银行激励机制的有效途径

作借鉴国外经验，提出了“股票期权：根除商业银行传统薪酬弊端的良方”。对推动股票期权的必要性、合理性、科学性进行了分析研究。进而提出了商业银行在推动股票期权时应坚持的原则，还就环境塑造、规范运作、法律保证等方面提出了独到的见解。     

美国股票期权的会计处理及对我国的启示

股票期权是对公司高级管理人员的一种长期激励机制，它于20世纪70年代起源于美国，80年代得到推行，90年代得到飞速发展。近年来，经理人股票期权在中国已经受到越来越多的注目，很多地方如北京、上海、武汉等地已经开始试点。特别是对于一些上市公司来说，股票期权激励机制对经理人的激励作用是很明显的。但如何对股票期权进行会计处理和信息披露，目前国内还没有相关的期权制度较早．     

股票期权的激励机制

从金融资本的特点谈起 中国清代末年的著名学者辜鸿铭曾经这样评价银行家:"银行家就是晴天把雨伞借给你,雨天又凶巴巴地把雨伞收回去的那种人."这句话后来成为世界金融界的名言.     

股票期权激励机制及其在我国上市公司的应用

股票期权作为一种薪酬激励的有效方式,能较好地实现对经理人长期激励的目的。本文探讨了股票期权激励机制形成的理论依据,阐述当前我国上市公司具备实施股票期权激励机制的前提,分析股票期权方案将在我国上市公司激励机制中普遍使用,最后指出实施股票期权激励机制中需注意的关键问题。     

股票期权的实践与探讨

作为分配制度变革的股票期权计划，在发达国家运用已有近30年的历史，成为企业一种有效的激励机制。随着我国企业改革的深化与市场经济的确立，急需探索一条科学有效的激励机制。在我国现行的法律体系下，股票期权计划这种长期激励机制吸引了越来越多的注意力。本对我国在推行股票期权计划的实践中所产生的一些问题作了初步的探讨。     

对我国引入股票期权的再思考

在“仅限于经理人的股票期权”和“股票期权价值建立在股票价值基础上”的两个前提假设下，本文首先从金融衍生工具本质的角度分析股票期权的运用前提，然后分析了股票期权作为长期激励手段引入企业经营管理时引致的新问题，文章最后指出我国引入股票期权所应具备的条件。     

美国股票期权激励的经验和启示

内容提要:我国股票期权薪酬激励的实践刚刚起步,而美国有着丰富的实践经验和理论研究。本文介绍了美国在1990年代期权薪酬盛行的几个原因:将股票期权激励视为强调股东价值的一个新重点、公司治理的变化、牛市、管理人员的寻租、税收和会计规则的影响、基于“可观察成本”的决策。21世纪后美国的期权激励开始下降,这一趋势可以从关于期权费用化的会计准则的改革、信息披露要求更加透明、严格、熊市的来临和期权的脆弱性、期权激励的负面效应不断凸现、期权激励对不同行业、不同发展阶段的激励效果不同等方面加以解释。最后作者根据美国经验谈了几点对中国期权薪酬激励实践的启示。     

在国企建立“股票期权计划”的思考

股票期权计划是通过给予企业高级管理人员一定的股票期权,而将其个人利益与企业长远发展密切联系起来的一种制度安排。这种做法,目前已被一些发达国家广泛采用,对企业经理人员能形成一种有效的长期激励机制,防止短期行为,值得借鉴。但我国在具体实施过程中还存着意识方面,应积极进行配套改革,为国有企业股票期权计划创造条件。     

我国股票期权制度现状及其实施建议

随着现代经济的飞速发展,传统薪酬制度的激励作用渐显疲惫,如何调节经营者与所有者之间的利益冲突成为日益关注的焦点。在委托——代理理论的指引下,股票期权激励制度孕育而生,并在西方国家得到有效运用。我国企业也开始逐步引进该项制度,但是实施过程中遇到一系列的障碍,成效并不明显,还需要通过完善公司治理结构、完善相关法律法规、完善经理人市场等措施,进一步发展完善股票期权制度,以期更好发挥激励作用。     

Stock Option Measures and the Stock Repurchase Decision

The major purposes of this study are two fold. First, we investigate whether or not the dilutive effect from stock options on the denominator of earnings per share is associated with the incurrence of stock repurchases. We use the FASB dilution and the economic dilution as the direct dilution measures and examine their relationship with stock repurchase decision. Second, we explore which of the extant measures of stock options can better explain the incurrence of stock repurchases. Six extant measures of stock options from previous studies are used: (1) the FASB's treasury-stock EPS dilution method, (2) the economic dilution measure based on Core, Guay and Kothari (2002), (3) the number of employee stock option exercises, (4) the number of stock option grants, (5) the number of total stock options outstanding, and (6) the number of exercisable stock options.Using a pooled cross-sectional sample from 1996–2000, we find a positive association between the likelihood of stock repurchases and the FASB dilution as well as the economic dilution in EPS, respectively. Thereby providing support for the undo-dilution hypothesis. The highest incremental explanatory power is found when we add the number of stock options exercisable to the baseline model. However, further analysis does not support the option-funding hypothesis suggested by Kahle (2002). We provide two explanations for why exercisable stock options better explain the stock repurchase decision.     

Skewness and Stock Option Prices

Abstract

In the classical Black-Scholes model, the logarithm of the stock price has a normal distribution, which excludes skewness. In this paper we consider models that allow for skewness. We propose an option-pricing formula that contains a linear adjustment to the Black-Scholes formula. This approximation is derived in the shifted Poisson model, which is a complete market model in which the exact option price has some undesirable features. The same formula is obtained in some incomplete market models in which it is assumed that the price of an option is defined by the Esscher method. For a European call option, the adjustment for skewness can be positive or negative, depending on the strike price.     

对股票期权的思考--股票期权在我国企业的适用性研究

起源于美国的股票期权制度在其本土已经得到了较为广泛的应用，我国在这方面也进行了积极的探索，一些企业也进行了实践。但股票期权究竟是否适合我国的情况呢?本将以主板市场为基础，通过对股票期权的实施条件的分析来对其在我国企业的适用性进行研究。     

Stock Option Schedules and Managerial Opportunism

This study investigates some of the most important avenues that mangers use to manipulate the value of stock option grants. It also compares the use of these avenues in firms that issue scheduled options and in firms that issue irregular options. We document that before the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX), cumulative abnormal returns were significantly negative in the 30‐day window before an option grant, but cumulative abnormal returns turned significantly positive after the option grant. This pattern is more pronounced for irregular options, and the evidence supports the hypothesis that opportunistic manipulation of strike prices by CEOs maximized the value of the option grants. We find the disclosure requirement of option grants included in SOX successfully curtails opportunistic behavior in firms that issue scheduled options, but has a lesser effect stopping opportunistic behavior in firms that issue irregular options. Firms granting irregular options take larger negative discretionary accruals in advance of the grant than firms that grant scheduled options, and the degree of downward earnings management increases with the size of the subsequent grant. We further show that firms are more likely to issue irregular options when they offer larger option grants, have a less independent board, receive less analyst coverage, have a new CEO, exhibit poor prior performance, have higher stock return volatility and are smaller in size.     

基于EVA的股票期权激励机制探讨

在委托代理关系中，企业所有者和经营者的目标函数存在差异，由此产生代理成本，需要对经营者进行相应的激励。然而，基于传统业绩评价而实施的股票期权存在一些弊端。本文探索将股票期权嫁接到EVA（经济附加值）平台之上，提出了基于EVA的经理人股票期权激励方案，以期能更有效地解决激励问题。     

股指期权合约规格设计研究——基于全球股指期权市场对比的视角

为了探索股指期权产品合约规格设计的一般规律,对全球主要市场中股指期权产品业务实践进行了调查、对比分析与总结。分析结果表明,全球主要市场的股指期权以欧式行权与现金交割的方式为主,注重近月合约月份,在行权价格间距、行权价格序列、合约乘数以及报价单位的设计上会综合考虑它们对流动性等因素的影响,合约编码主要采用交易代码、合约到期日、合约类型以及行权价格四个要素依次排列的结构。这些都为未来在境内市场推出股指期权产品,开展股指期权业务提供了重要参考。     

股指期权合约规格设计研究——基于全球股指期权市场对比的视角

为了探索股指期权产品合约规格设计的一般规律,对全球主要市场中股指期权产品业务实践进行了调查、对比分析与总结。分析结果表明,全球主要市场的股指期权以欧式行权与现金交割的方式为主,注重近月合约月份,在行权价格间距、行权价格序列、合约乘数以及报价单位的设计上会综合考虑它们对流动性等因素的影响,合约编码主要采用交易代码、合约到期日、合约类型以及行权价格四个要素依次排列的结构。这些都为未来在境内市场推出股指期权产品,开展股指期权业务提供了重要参考。     

Informed Trading in Stock and Option Markets

We investigate the contribution of option markets to price discovery, using a modification of Hasbrouck's (1995) "information share" approach. Based on five years of stock and options data for 60 firms, we estimate the option market's contribution to price discovery to be about 17% on average. Option market price discovery is related to trading volume and spreads in both markets, and stock volatility. Price discovery across option strike prices is related to leverage, trading volume, and spreads. Our results are consistent with theoretical arguments that informed investors trade in both stock and option markets, suggesting an important informational role for options.     

The Option and Decision to Repurchase Stock

Open‐market repurchase programs provide firms with the flexibility to manage the cash and risk aspects of their operations. We examine at which stage cash and risk matter in the typical stages of a repurchase program: announcement, implementation, and withdrawal. Cash and risk considerations appear to matter only at the implementation stage, and partially negate the traditional signaling effect around program announcement.