Reforming value added tax

The research reviewed in this paper establishes that the VAT system generates heavy administrative burdens for small firms in Europe despite various measures taken to alleviate them. A possible solution would be to abolish VAT charges between registered traders which would, in effect, convert the tax into a sales tax. The conclusion is that such a change would necessitate modification of the 6th Directive on VAT. The other alternative might be to compensate small firms for their work as unpaid tax collectors.     

What is the value added by caseworkers?

This paper examines the efficacy of caseworkers in allocating individuals to government programs and to services within those programs. We investigate caseworker allocation of unemployed individuals to subprograms within Swiss active labour market policy in 1998. Our analysis compares the caseworker allocation to alternatives including random assignment to services and allocation via statistical treatment rules based on observable participant characteristics. Using unusually informative administrative data, we find that Swiss caseworkers obtain roughly the same post-program employment rate as random allocation to services, while statistical treatment rules, even when subject to capacity constraints, do substantially better.     

Environmental practices and the value added of horticultural firms

This paper explores the relationship between environmental management and productivity in the fruit and vegetable sector. Our empirical analysis focuses on the effect of environmental practices on the value added in horticultural firms of Andalusia. These practices are included in the incentive programmes established by the Common Agricultural Policy on a voluntary basis. Taking the investment in environmental activities as knowledge capital, we propose a specific analysis that evaluates the effect of the factors of the production function on the value added. Our results show a positive overall impact of environmental investment on the product's market value. We conclude that there is a direct link between environmental management and productivity in the sector under study. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

我国现行增值税存在的问题

作者对我国现行增值税在重复征税、征收范围、小规模纳税人的划分标准及对其政策、抵税凭证和税率设计几方面存在的问题进行了分析。     

Financial stability indicators and public debt developments

This paper investigates the inter-linkages between financial stability and fiscal policy. It analyzes the effect of selected financial stability indicators on the probability of future debt deterioration, controlling for several macroeconomic variables. We find significant evidence that a fragile banking system can put at risk public finances. Weak bank profitability, low asset quality and a weak capital base increase the fragility of the banking system, thus, raising the probability of future fiscal troubles.     

The value added by machine learning approaches in forecasting

This discussion reflects on the results of the M4 forecasting competition, and in particular, the impact of machine learning (ML) methods. Unlike the M3, which included only one ML method (an automatic artificial neural network that performed poorly), M4’s 49 participants included eight that used either pure ML approaches, or ML in conjunction with statistical methods. The six pure (or combination of pure) ML methods again fared poorly, with all of them falling below the Comb benchmark that combined three simple time series methods. However, utilizing ML either in combination with statistical methods (and for selecting weightings) or in a hybrid model with exponential smoothing not only exceeded the benchmark, but performed at the top. While these promising results by no means prove ML to be a panacea, they do challenge the notion that complex methods do not add value to the forecasting process.     

浅释作业成本法与经济增加值的整合应用

在股东价值被不断得到重视的今天 ,作业成本法因其围绕企业内部作业链进行成本分析的局限性导致其在全面反映企业成本包括资本成本方面显得无能为力。因此通过引入经济增加值这一以资本成本为中心的财务衡量指标与传统作业成本法相整合来弥补传统作业成本法的缺陷。     

Adjusting for measurement error in the value added model: evidence from Portugal

The multilevel value added approach to measuring school effectiveness is now widely used. We propose a method to adjust for measurement error to investigate the extent to which this changes school effect estimates. It is applied to longitudinal data collected in the region of Cova da Beira (NUT III) for 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 8th grades. Three different variance component models are considered, depending on the predictor variables included. Assuming measurement error occurs in explanatory and/or response variables, corrections are made for different values of the coefficient of reliability. Moreover, models are fitted under the assumption of either independent or correlated measurement errors.     

论企业稳定哲学

在我国的经济生活中,我们经常看到有些企业在快速发展之后,突然地衰落甚至破产。为什么这些企业突然地膨胀,又突然消亡?背后的原因是多方面的,但是在哲学思想上没有处理好生存与发展的关系,是根本性的原因,也就是说,主要是在企业发展的指导思想上出现了偏差。因此,任何一个企业要能够快速的可持续发展,都必须把握好生存哲学。     

On the determinants of quasi-option value

Quasi-option value is a concept or notion which suggests that resource decisions based on expected values of random variables may be biased in favor of development, if development is irreversible and the passage of time yields information on future expectations. This paper compares the limited and analytically divergent literature on the subject, derives the specific components of a measure of quasi-option value and speculates on the potential for quasi-option value becoming an operational component of analysis undertaken by governmental resource management agencies.     

Patent indicators for macroeconomic growth—the value of patents estimated by export volume

This paper examines the linkage between patenting and export performance for selected countries at the level of technology fields. Some empirical studies show considerable correlation between the patenting behavior of countries and their economic success in international markets. Adding to the existing literature, the aim of this analysis is to assess whether the indicators that are supposed to reflect patent value—such as patent citations or family size—have any explanatory power in estimating the export value of countries by technology fields.     

On social stability

Quality & Quantity -     

基于价值链的电网企业关键绩效指标评价

企业关键绩效指标(KPI)评价体系是在企业战略目标分解基础上形成的,用于动态掌握企业战略达成情况,是企业管理决策控制系统的重要组成部分。本文对电网经营企业建立关键绩效评价体系的必要性及其设计原则进行了阐述,并在对电网企业价值链分析的基础上,提炼了包括财务指标和非财务指标在内的电网企业关键绩效指标(KPI),以引导和控制企业战略的实施。     

On the value of free foreign-exchange forecasts

The objective of this paper is to assess the value of free foreign-exchange forecasts. Taking the exchange-rate projections published by Lloyds Bank as an example, it is shown that there is no reason to assume that these projections consistently outperform the most easily available benchmark, the current spot exchange rate. Moreover, the returns to speculative investment based on these projections seem to be, at best, insignificant. The value of such forecasts must, therefore, be regarded as negligible.     

The impact of value added components of GDP and FDI on economic freedom in Europe

This paper investigates the possibility of a long-run relationship between the Economic Freedom Index (EFI), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and value added components of GDP in thirty Eastern, Central and Western European countries. The study further examines whether the FDI and sector-specific components of GDP have any significant impact on economic freedom for these countries. We use annual data and employ Pedroni and KAO panel cointegration analyses to assess the long-run relationships. The results indicate that there is a significant long-run relationship between the variables under study. Moreover, the evidence shows that the service and industry value added components positively affect EFI, while the agriculture value added component has a negative effect on EFI. However, contrary to the prior literature, we observe a marginally significant and negative relationship between EFI and FDI in the random effects model.     

Identifying hubs and spokes in global supply chains using redirected trade in value added

The increasing importance of global supply chains has prompted the use of analytical tools based on trade in value added – instead of traditional measures in gross value. We use this analytical framework to develop indicators that identify production hubs and supply spokes in global supply chains. Using these indicators and the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database, we quantify the relative importance of redirected value-added trade and the hub and spoke relationships at the aggregate level and for specific highly integrated industries.     

The value added by government venture capital funds compared with independent venture capital funds

Government venture capital (GVC) funds have been a common policy initiative in European countries to overcome funding gaps in the promotion of early-stage ventures. In this work, we focus on the performance of such government funds. We compare the importance for the firm's development of post-investment, valueadded activities by GVC firms and independent venture capital (IVC) firms.We use a unique data set based on the results of a survey addressed to young high-techVC-backed firms from seven European countries. The survey gauged the importance of the contribution by the first lead investor in a variety of activity areas, as assessed by the investee companies. Attention was paid to potential adverse effects of the post-investment engagement of investors.Using a composite indicator of the value added, we find no statistically significant difference between the two types of investors. However, the profiles of value added differ across investor types, and, in particular, the contributions of IVC funds prove to be significantly higher than those of GVC funds in a number of areas, including the development of the business idea, professionalisation and exit orientation.     

论公允价值的相关性

随着公允价值得到越来越广泛的应用,公允价值能够更好地反映一个企业的实际经济状况,提供比历史成本计量更具决策信息的概念,越来越深入人心。本文首先介绍了公允价值及其相关概念,然後通过推导公允价值、公司价值与企业实际经济情况的关系,发现了公允价值的相关性存在不确定的可能,指出公允价值的相关性是相对的。