Did the Health Card Program Ensure Access to Medical Care for the Poor during Indonesia's Economic Crisis?

The Indonesian Social Safety Net health card program was implementedin response to the economic crisis that hit Indonesia in 1997,to preserve access to health care services for the poor. Healthcards were allocated to poor households, entitling them to subsidizedcare from public health care providers. The providers receivedbudgetary support to compensate for the extra demand. This articlefocuses on the effect of the program on primary outpatient healthcare use, disentangling the direct effect of allocating healthcards from the indirect effect of government transfers to healthcare facilities. For poor health card owners the program resultedin a net increase in use of outpatient care, while for nonpoorhealth card owners the program resulted mainly in a substitutionfrom private to public health care. The largest effect of theprogram seems to have come from a general increase in the supplyof public services resulting from the budgetary support to publicproviders. These benefits seem to have been captured mainlyby the nonpoor. As a result, most of the benefits of the healthcard program went to the nonpoor, even though distribution ofthe health cards was propoor. The results suggest that had theprogram, in addition to targeting the poor, established a closerlink between provision of services to the target groups andfunding, the overall results would have been more propoor.     

门诊保障制度改革:“以门诊换住院”的政策效应分析——基于中国职工医保抽样数据的实证检验

本文利用中国医疗保险研究会2017年职工医保抽样数据库(CHIRA)和66个样本城市职工医保门诊报销政策文件,将实施"门诊统筹"作为外生冲击和改革变量,研究门诊保障制度改革对参保患者门诊和住院服务利用、医疗费用支出的影响。基于双变量Probit模型以及OLS模型的回归结果显示,门诊保障制度改革会带来两种效应:门诊服务和住院服务的"替代效应",即门诊保障制度改革显著提高了参保患者对门诊服务的使用(年门诊就诊概率上升37.3%),同时减少了对住院服务的使用(年住院概率下降4.6%);门诊费用和住院费用的"支出效应",即门诊保障制度改革显著提高了参保患者的年门诊费用支出,同时减少了年住院费用支出,但不会降低参保患者的年医疗费用总支出。进一步研究发现,改革带来的政策效应因门诊保障程度、参保群体(在职职工和退休职工)和改革时长存在异质性。     

我国开征不动产税与增强地方政府公共服务能力的思考

在物质生活基本得到满足的情况下．老百姓对医疗、教育、社会保障、公共安全以及环境保护等公共产品和公共服务的需求越来越突出，对地方政府的目标要求也不再是发展经济这一单一目标，而是更加强调其公共服务的能力。地方政府的公共服务能力在很大程度上取决于其收入能力。本文将探讨不动产税改革将如何在增强地方政府公共服务能力中发挥作用，并针对开征不动产税过程可能遇到的难点问题，提出相关对策建议。     

Working Across Professional Boundaries: Primary Health Care and Social Care

Effective joint working between health and local authorities, and between health, social services and housing professionals, has long been recognized as vital to the provision of 'seamless' services for the most vulnerable members of society. Unfortunately, the history of formal joint working over the past 20 years has been largely a poor one. In this article the authors outline the findings from a recent study of working alliances across the primary health care/social care boundary. They examine how obstacles are being overcome and how, in some localities, the essential ingredients of inter-professional and inter-organizational trust are leading to the improved integration of services.     

论银行业务实践中的授信额度合同

在商业银行业务实践中,授信额度合同尽管尚不属于主流的合同形式,但在银行各个业务领域中均有其适用的案例,在一些范围内甚至被用作主流合同的替代形式。由于没有明确的法律规定界定其涵义,商业实践中也尚未成为一种商业惯例。因此,授信额度合同给银行和客户的权利义务带来了一些不确定的因素。本文从授信额度合同的特征出发,重点讨论了授信额度合同的法律性质,并对审判实践中存在的未约定额度使用期限时授信额度合同的效力、授信额度合同的担保及有关诉讼程序问题,从实务角度进行了分析,并提出了相应观点。     

New development: Value for money (VFM) in public services—the importance of organizational culture

VFM has been a key aspect of public service management for several decades and its importance has been raised in recent years as a consequence of austerity. Organizational culture is recognized in research literature as a key driver of organizational performance. However, little attention has been paid to the topic of organizational culture in relation to VFM in public services. This article presents the findings of new research in this area.     

Best Value: Is It Delivering?

The enhancement of public service performance has been a central concern of successive Labour governments since 1997. Best Value is intended to address this by replacing the former policy of compulsory competitive tendering with a policy that has been likened to a local government version of total quality management. In this article the authors draw on a survey of local government officers to explore the extent to which BV is providing the basis for improvements in the quality of local services and finds mixed results.     

商业银行交叉销售的现状分析与策略建议

新世纪以来,银行、保险、投资等多领域金融产品的交叉销售成为各家金融机构获取客户、服务、扩张和盈利的重要工具。文章分析了当前商业银行交叉销售的现状,指出国内银行业已取得基本确立交叉销售的经营理念和经营模式、初步建立CRM系统为交叉销售提供技术支持等成效,但仍存在市场定位不明、销售手段单一、产品缺少重点等不足。文章从客户策略、产品策略、渠道策略、服务策略、队伍策略、激励策略等方面就推进我国商业银行交叉销售提出建议。     

FOUR GOALS FOR A STRONGER U.S. FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY (AND FIVE WAYS FOR CONGRESS TO HELP US GET THERE)

For at least the past 15 years, the preferred model for financial modernization among U.S. lawmakers and regulators has been based on the concept of the financial services holding company (FSHC) with functional regulation of its financial subsidiaries. Such an approach makes eminently good sense in a world where it is possible to make clear distinctions among different financial functions and between financial services and other information-based businesses. Although this may have been the case 15 years ago, today the FSHC model will not deal with financial convergence and the broader convergence of information-based businesses in a completely satisfactory way.
To lay the groundwork for a financial structure that can carry us into the next century, Congress needs to look beyond the approaches it has been willing to consider to date. Instead of simply eliminating remaining entry barriers, it needs to permit true financial integration with a much simpler and more streamlined system of regulation than we have today. After holding up four goals for a financial services marketplace for the next century, this article offers five "sensible and politically realistic" suggestions for the 105th Congress that would help move the U.S. financial sector toward those goals.     

Cognitive catalysts for distrust in financial services markets: An integrative review

The growing recognition for the role of trust in financial services transactions has become more evident since the global financial crisis. A dominant perspective arising from this recognition has been regarding the responsibility of financial services providers for the depletion of consumer trust in the financial services sector. However, the loss of trust that may result in many financial transactions can also be attributed to consumers’ own lack of discipline and poor knowledge of financial matters. In this article four cognitive phenomena that inhibit consumers’ information processing abilities and contribute to the depletion of trust in financial services transactions will be discussed. The responsibilities of marketers, regulators and educators in equipping consumers with the means to overcome these cognitive limitations in order to improve their financial decision quality are discussed.     

Delivering Public Services Through Digital Television

Digital television (DTV) is central to the future electronic delivery of public services in the UK. Central government has been actively promoting the use of DTV in the public sector, for example in policy statements and by funding pilot schemes to be implemented at the local level. Although DTV technology is at an early stage, this article provides an important opportunity to assess the nature of the platform as a state–of–the–art mechanism for delivering services and the factors that are likely to be central to its success.     

Sites and Services--and Subsidies: The Economics of Low-Cost Housing in Developing Countries

Sites and services projects represent a major innovation inshelter policy in developing countries and have been sponsoredby international aid agencies for somewhat more than a decade.Such government projects deliver a package of shelter-relatedservices, the standards of which depend on the ability and willingnessto pay of intended beneficiaries. Typically, such projects representa sharp break with preexisting government shelter policies inthat they attempt, in principle, to focus directly on lower-incomegroups and to deliver shelter and services with small or nosubsidies. This article describes the background of the sitesand services concept; reviews recent evaluations of sites andservices projects; presents an analytical model of the sitesand services paradigm (which is used to examine how major projectoutcomes are influenced by project design); summarizes recentresearch on housing demand in developing countries (which isrelevant to designing appropriate sites and services projects);reviews planning assumptions used in World Bank sites and servicesprojects; compares these assumptions with empirical evidenceon willingness to pay for housing; and examines project experiencein light of contrasts between actual planning assumptions andempirical research on demand for shelter. The article concludeswith suggestions for ways to improve the project design processand reform housing sector policies to increase the efficacyof the sites and services paradigm.     

Services in the new industrial economy

‘Manufacturing matters’,¹ but ‘So do services’. The future of industrialization is the future of both these increasingly intertwined and interdependent activities. Rather than a post-industrial society, we are seeing a new mode of industrialization encompassing and integrating manufacturing and services. This article considers the prospects for services in the new industrial economy,² focusing on innovation in services. Services have frequently been considered to be relatively poor in economic performance. However, regarding services as laggards is decreasingly useful when considering contemporary services, many of which are the major users, carriers and promoters of many classes of innovative hardware. New services (such as software and telematics) are performing vital roles in the diffusion of new technologies, techniques and organizational styles. This article outlines some trends in the service economy, examines the special nature of services, considers how services are changing their products and processes, and assesses emerging strategies for organization and trade in services.     

The Worst of Both Worlds? Public Services without Markets or Bureaucracy

In recent years there has been growing support for the idea of developing collaborative network relationships between purchasers and providers in UK public services. Under the new Labour Government this idea found its way into policies aimed at promoting a 'third way' between markets and hierarchies in health and local government. This article addresses a number of concerns about these developments. Drawing on the wider management literature, it argues that recent discussions have largely under-stated the problems associated with relational contracting and networks. The author also considers why the option of a return to hierarchy has so far been dismissed and argues for a reversal of this tendency.     

The consumerism of ‘voice’ in Norwegian health policy and its dynamics in the transformation of health services

The policy of voice consumerism in Norwegian health policy has enabled patients to be involved in discussions about professional practice. Principles of openness have been successfully introduced in services bound by professional autonomy and discretion. This article demonstrates the influence that Norwegian patients and their representatives have been able to have on service provision in brain injury rehabilitation and mental healthcare.     

A model of green bank marketing

In the light of current market conditions, the financial services industry has been reshaped, requiring new marketing knowledge to provide guidelines for successful practice. To that end, corporate social responsibility, green marketing and a green brand image (GBI) have attracted considerable interest in the banking sector, although no framework has yet been established relating these constructs to one another. In this article, the authors present exploratory research as a basis for developing a model of green bank marketing. The model was tested to confirm the dimensions of green bank marketing and investigate its impact on a GBI, thus providing statistical evidence of the relationship between the two variables.     

New development: Consolidated financial reporting as a stimulus for change in Italian local government

This article analyses the potential effect of consolidated financial reporting (CFR) on the accounting and reporting systems in Italian local government. As consequence of the increased use of decentralized entities in delivering a variety of public services, Italian local government needs to improve internal and external accountability. Although a number of obstacles (technical, legal and cultural) have been encountered in Italy, initial experience in Tuscany has demonstrated that CFR has benefits for internal and external users. CFR, in addition, is a potential stimulus for the full implementation of accrual accounting and reporting.     

Self-reported health: potential life underwriting tool?

Any approach that adds speed and efficiency to the underwriting process provides a competitive edge in today's fast changing financial services industry. The acquisition of data for medical underwriting has always been a challenge; with the traditional attending physician statement process adding time, real costs, and opportunity costs to manufacturing life products. Is there any potential for the use of self-reported medical and health history data in medical underwriting assessment? This article reviews published research on the uses and the validity of self-reported health data as it has been applied in current medical and public health practices. Whether self-reported medical history is valid data that can be applied in the underwriting context remains an open question.     

用陌生人机制解决熟人社会问题

农村金融服务匮乏一直是我国长期以来存在的问题,政府也试图通过多种渠道解决之,但金融机构对此似乎总是不得其法,其根本原因就是没有弄清楚农村是一个熟人社会的机制。本文将对农村金融的本质进行研究,并对用陌生人机制解决熟人社会问题提供一些意见。