Unemployment in South Africa: Trends,causes and cures

The main macro‐estimates of unemployment rates in South Africa clearly show both cyclical sensitivity and a secularly rising upward trend, presenting a striking similarity with the United Kingdom and other OECD countries. The rising long‐term trend in the unemployment rate is not confined to Blacks but probably applies to Whites, Coloureds and Asians also. It has been mainly due to a decline in the demand for labour caused by a falling rate of capital accumulation rather than by rising capital‐intensity. The slower rate of capital accumulation stems primarily from forces originating abroad, which have affected the world economy as a whole, though the fluctuating gold price has aggravated our problems. Policy in the spheres of international trade and monetary relations is therefore crucial and there are reasons for concern over current thinking in these areas.     

South African strategic minerals and U.S. foreign policy, 1961–1968

Conclusion The proceeding empirical data and analysis lend support to the central thesis of this work. Contrary to traditional scholarly opinion, South African mineral production, especially of chromite and platinum group metals, was indispensable to the American economy and military industrial complex. Economic dependency thus provides the key to understanding Washington’s pro-apartheid policy during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.     

德国、日本、韩国政策性银行的运作

现代各国银行体系的构成,一般均以中央银行为首,以商业银行为主体,辅以各种专业性银行.政策性银行是各种专业性银行的重要构成部分,其鲜明的性质、独特的地位,在国民经济中往往起到不可替代的作用.当前,中国加入世贸组织、全面提高对外开放度的新形势,为国内政策性银行提供了更加广阔的发展空间.中国政策性银行有必要借鉴国外先进银行的管理技术和方法,找出与国际标准的差距,采取有效措施,加快与国际接轨的步伐.     

Nationalism,socialism and planning: Influential ideas in the South

The paper discusses the origin of three influential ideas in the South, the reasons why they are found persuasive by Southern elites, and finally whether they are helpful in promoting modernization. It argues that all three ideas are Janus-faced, combining the ‘modern’ aspects of the rationalist Enlightenment with the partly ‘pre-modern’ rural nostalgia of the Romantic movement. But the ideas are dysfunctional in terms of the desired aims of ‘nation-building’ and attaining material progress. Nationalism, far from being an adhesive can become a disintegrative force in pluralistic societies. Planning becomes a means of suppressing the agents of the economic modernization that is desired. The waving of the Enlightenment and socialist banner of equality in suppressing the merchant, financier and entrepreneur is a smokescreen. The suppression reflects more atavistic impulses, which amount to a denial of the irreducible uncertainty that unavoidably attends commercialization, monetization and industrialization.