Opportunity Cost and Unemployment: Question and Answer in'A'Level Economics

Graham Dawson, who has taught economics at Bedford High School for twelve years, gives a model answer to a question that could be found in any'A'Level examination.     

Heterodox Economics and the Scientist's Role in Society

The present work starts from a simple question: Why should a state pay the salary for an academic researcher in economics? Generally speaking, research should be financed because it is useful for socioeconomic development; knowledge represents a productive input and it increases social welfare. How much does this argument hold for economic knowledge? Is economics helping in improving wealth and well‐being? This article will show how the incentive structure and the internal organization of the discipline prevent a positive answer to such questions. In fact these institutions do not necessarily stimulate researchers to understand economies, and economics completely neglects its role in shaping values because of its pretense of objectivity. Two solutions are proposed: more pluralism and a wider capacity to discuss with the whole society.     

需求不确定性下的安全库存模型的构建——基于某企业的真实数据为例

文中主要是在需求不确定性的情况下，运用数学、概率统计学以及经济学的知识，重点从量上回答如何设定安全库存以及设定为多少的问题，才能实现客户服务水平与库存成本之间的平衡。     

Control Theory and Macroeconomic Policy

This Briefing Paper examines the contribution that control theory can make to our understanding of macroeconomic policy. Control theory is an area of study, orginally developed in engineering, which has since been applied to a very wide range of problems not only in engineering but also in biology. ecology, physiology, space exploration and economics. The kinds of questions in economics which conrrol theory could help us to answer include: what objectives should the government be pursuing, infation or unemployment or both, and by what means? what instruments should be used and in what combinations? should the government adopt targets for the money supply or the exchange rate, or concentrate on unemployment and the balance of payments?     

产权、契约与审计--对审计本质的再认识

本文从新制度经济学的角度对审计本质问题进行了理论分析,试图得出“审计的本质实际上是旨在减少企业各个缔约方之间的信息不对称,从而降低交易费用,维护企业契约网络正常运行的一种特殊的契约”的基本观点。     

信息价值及效益的计量

现代管理会计作为一个信息系统,必须彻底改变传统的不计信息成本、不考虑信息效益的情况,要求管理会计信息的形成和使用以信息经济学原理为指导,使信息的效果及其经济性两个方面统一起来,在创建一个管理信息系统、获取一项经济信息时,要按其"效益"(价值减成本后的余额)的大小来比较和选择不同的管理会计信息系统和信息来源渠道。那么,什么是信息成本、信息价值,信息效益又应如何计量呢?本文试对此作一浅述。     

The Uses of Authority in EconomicsShared Intellectual Frameworks as the Foundation of Personal Persuasion

Why do economists believe what they believe? Why do they not all believe the same things? Our answer to these questions revolves around the nature, variety, and uses of authority in economics. Our data are the various frameworks that economists, knowingly and unknowingly, employ to formulate their questions and organize their intellectual endeavors. We call these devices patristic traditions, or cultural and intellectual frameworks, or governing legacies, or several other phrases. They all connote authority systems, traceable to specific intellectual or cultural precursors, or authorities. Our central proposition is that the specific set of governing legacies that each individual economist possesses effectively guides his or her thinking. By recognizing these authorities we can more effectively understand others' minds, understand our own, and increase our ability to persuade. So our propositions concern the uses of authorities—how economists of the past have used them and how we ourselves use them, but especially how we might use them to productive ends.     

REPETITION AND FINANCIAL INCENTIVES IN ECONOMICS EXPERIMENTS

Abstract While experimental methods have been an effective tool for economic research, there have been controversies on the methodological aspects. The reason why we need to care about it is clear: if the method in an experiment is not valid, the results from that experiment cannot be valid too. Among other things, the methodological issues of financial incentives and repetition, which are norms in experimental economics, have been at the centre of many debates. While there are previous reviews that investigate financial incentives and repetition separately, our view is that the effects of these two factors are interdependent rather than independent. Thus, our review here is more specific and more conditional, that is, we are interested in the answer to the question, ‘Do we need to use financial incentives conditional on the use of repetition?’ After we discuss the relationship between financial incentives and repetition, we argue, from a review of 44 experimental studies, that using financial incentives would be more necessary to improve the validity of experimental results if an experimenter needs to use repetition.     

基于单片机的四路抢答器的设计

抢答器是一种应用非常广泛的设备,在各类竞赛中,特别是做抢答题时,在抢答过程中,为了知道哪一组或哪一名选手先答题,必须要有一个系统来完成这个任务。如果在抢答过程中,只靠人的视觉是很难判断出哪组先答题。利用单片机来设计抢答器,使以上问题得以解决,即使有两组的抢答时间相差几微秒,也可分辨出哪组优先答题。抢答器已经发展到了用单片机的控制来实现其功能,制作过程简单,准确性与可靠性高,安装维护简单,而且功能齐全,电路简单,成本低,性能高,真正朝着更先进实用的方向发展。     

WHAT'S TO KNOW ABOUT LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION IN ECONOMICS?

Abstract Experimental economics has grown as a discipline from near non‐existence 50 years ago to a full‐fledged field within economics in the present. Much of experimental economics research involves experimental methods as a tool, applied to problems in other fields of economics. However, some of this research is inward looking, focusing on questions of the methodology of experimental economics. In this note, I briefly discuss two methodological issues in experimental economics that might benefit from meta‐analysis: the pool from which experimental participants are drawn (university undergraduate students versus other populations) and the scale of monetary incentives faced by participants (large, small or hypothetical).     

Research In Strategy,Economics, and Michael Porter*

This article links up with recent discussions of the strategy/economics nexus. In contrast to most of the proponents and opponents of economics in strategy thinking, a balanced pluralist perspective is adopted. According to this, a discipline should strike a balance between the generation of new theoretical alternatives and the selection among them. Applying this general idea, I argue that the strategy field is too pluralistic, and that the unfortunate consequences of excessive pluralism and eclecticism may be remedied by economics playing a larger role in the conversation of strategy researchers. This does not necessarily mean standard neoclassical economics or new industrial organization economics; evolutionary economics, for example, is a serious contender, too. the evolution of Michael Porter's thinking is used as a case for demonstrating some of the advantages and some of the dangers of economics in the strategy field, and for illustrating points about eclecticism and pluralism.     

Problem-based learning: merging of economics and mathematics

We present problem-based learning as a strategy to assist students to integrate both mathematics and economics knowledge as well as develop other skills. We present basic information about problem-based learning, provide an example of an economics problem that could be used in an early undergraduate mathematics course, and provide sources for additional economics problems and information about problem-based learning. While faculty will seldom have a class composed entirely of economics students, the examples that we provide do not require in-depth knowledge of economics but will help undergraduates develop some understanding of the economic world they live in.     

Spreading the Word: Transaction Cost Economics in the Conversation of Economics

Transaction cost economics is a key topic in many conversations in business and economics related disciplines, much as a result of Oliver Williamson's intellectual crusade. By claiming a “distinct worldview,” he develops arguments of association and differentiation to established worldviews, like traditional microeconomics, earlier institutionalism, Austrian and radical economics, and also within the new institutional economics itself, in order to advance his theory. His resourcefulness defies straight argumentative decisions, catering to different audiences whilst trying to break new ground. Surely Williamson has not pleased everyone, but his discourse is greatly responsible for placing TCE in the everyday parlance of economics.     

The Changing Relationship Between Economic Sociology and Institutional Economics

A bstract In his early work. Talcott Parsons severely criticized Old Institutional Economists like Thorstein Veblen and Clarence Ayres. Parsons'main objection was that institutional economics had a misconceived view on the scope of economics: institutions, being the embodiment of values, were the proper subject of sociology rather than economics. By arguing for a clear-cut division of labor between economics and sociology. Parsons legitimated the divide between the two disciplines that came into being in the years to follow. Recently however, the relationship between economic-sociology and institutional economics has changed dramatically. New Economic Sociology (advocated by scholars like Mark Granovetter and Richard Swedberig) rejects the division of labor proposed by Parsons. By-providing substitutes rather than just complements to economics, it tries to counter economic imperialism. This creates significant similarities between New Economic Sociology, Old Institutional Economics and the recent return of institutionalism in economic theory. However, the quest for a division of labor between economics and sociology remains unfinished.     

从波普尔到索罗斯——论心理学对西方当代经济学的意义

心理学和经济学为现当代重要的学科门类,两者在很大程度上存在关联,相互交叉。近年来,心理学的新发现对经济学的发展有了实质性的推动。本文就波普尔和索罗斯的哲学理论及其对当代西方经济学的贡献作进一步的完善和梳理,深入探讨心理学对西方当代经济学的影响及意义,在探寻心理学与经济学两者关系的同时,展望经济学发展的新方向。     

《水工程经济》课程建设与改革

合格的工程人员必须要有良好的工程经济方面的意识,运用经济学的知识解决实际工程问题的能力十分重要。本文以湖南城市学院的水工程经济学课程为对象,以培养应用型人才为主要目标,从教学内容的选择,教学方法的改革,实践教学的实施,教学网络平台的建设等方面提出具体方法,提高了水工程经济的课程教学水平。通过教学实践发现,学生运用理论知识解决工程实际问题的能力得到了较大幅度的提高。     

The Economists of Tomorrow: The Case for Assertive Pluralism in Economics Education

This article presents the case for “assertive pluralism” in economics education and proposes how to achieve it, illustrating the point with reference to the U.K. Subject Benchmark Statement in Economics (SBSE). It proposes a revision of the benchmark, prioritizing the role of controversy in the teaching of economics, combined with pluralistic principles that uphold and guarantee critical and independent thinking. This reform is a necessary response to what Colander et al. (2009 ) term the “systemic failure” of economics—the inability of the profession, taken as a whole, to anticipate and understand the financial crash and recession of 2008. Failure on this scale testifies to a more deep‐seated weakness in economics than commonly recognized. It arises from what Turner ( Tett 2009 ) terms the regulatory capture of the economics profession by narrow financial interests. The public, and the economics profession, require specific protection against the pressures that have produced this systemic failure. This requires a rethink of the relation of economics to society, founded on a rejection of the idea that the function of economics is to provide a single, unequivocal solution to every problem of policy. Instead, the article explains, good economics should be constrained to evaluate the full range of relevant solutions to any given policy issue, leaving the decisionmakers accountable for the decisions they make on which solution to adopt.     

马克思主义经济学课程群构建刍议

构建和完善马克思主义经济学课程群是培养德才兼备的经济学人才的需要,是整体掌握马克思主义经济学基础理论知识、提高经济实践能力的需要。作者对该课程群建设的意义、建设现状以及如何构建等进行剖析。认为应正确看待马克思主义经济学的地位,增加学时,强化课程内部关系的衔接,适时增加反映现实经济发展实践的课程内容,选用新教材,适时革新考试制度,来推进马克思主义经济学课程群的构建。     

A study of the performance of Developmental Studies students in the principles of economics

This study assesses the performance of Developmental Studies students in the principles of economics. The null hypothesis is that once demographic and academic variables are taken into account, completion of a developmental studies course(s) contributes nothing to the probability of success in a principles of economics course. The study analyzes a sample of 1,053 principles of economics students during the 1989 academic year. A logit regression model is used to estimate the probability of successfully completing a course in the principles of economics. The study finds that the completion of the Developmental Study Skills course is an important determinant of the probability of success in the principles of economics courses.     

循环经济模式下发展我国绿色物流的研究

物流是循环经济系统中的重要内容，循环经济的发展离不开对物流的管理，在循环经济中导入现代物流管理是发展循环经济的有力举措。本文在深入分析我国循环经济物流存在的问题的基础上，提出了在循环经济模式下发展绿色物流的措施。