外资进入对中国零售业的影响及应对策略

根据加入WTO的承诺，我国将于2004年12月11日全面放开零售业，届时外资商业可以更加方便的进入我国零售领域，国内零售业与外资零售业的竞争将会越来越激烈，本土企业如何在这场较量中取得生存和发展，已成为业界密切关注的问题。     

外资进入中国零售业的现状、策略与趋势

一、外资进入的规模与分布(一)总体规模自中国加入WTO以来,国外零售资本加紧在中国市场“圈地”步伐。据商务部统计,从1992年至2003年9月,全国累计实际利用外资约30亿美元,批准设立外资商业企业264家,分店2200多个;另据中国商业联合会统计,自1992年开始试点至2003年底,累计已批准设立外商投资商业企业350多家,总投资为40多亿美元,分布在国内20个省市,其中国家正式批准的合营商业零售企业已达46家。全球50家最大的零售企业,已经有40多家在中国“抢滩登陆”。其中,沃尔玛、家乐福、麦德龙、伊滕洋华堂、万客隆等零售巨头已遍地开花。在全球…     

试论外资零售企业的优势及入世后中国零售业的对策

<正> 中国加入WTO,意味着中国商业的国家政策保护壁垒将逐步解除,巨大的市场空间和消费潜力犹如磁石吸引着众多国外零售企业。目前世界50强零售企业已有70％登陆中国,中国零售业面临着前所未有的挑战。 一、外资零售企业的实力分析 1.外资零售业规模大,实力强,跨国经营经验丰富 外资零售企业拥有雄厚的资本实力,经营规模大。如沃尔玛,目前已在世界10个国家和地区建立     

A general equilibrium analysis of foreign investment and intersectoral linkage

In this paper, we demonstrate that a foreign capital induced growth in a protected sector, which provides an industrial input for agricultural products, may increase welfare even after the entire foreign capital income is repatriated. Such a policy may lead to an increase in the volume of trade along with an increase in the size of the protected sector, quite contrary to the usual perception. The analysed structure also incorporates migration and unemployment.     

The indirect effects of foreign direct investment on trade: A network perspective

The relationship between international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the main features of globalisation. In this paper, we investigate the effects of FDI on trade from a network perspective, since FDI takes not only direct but also indirect channels from origin to destination countries because of firms’ incentive to reduce tax burden, to minimise coordination costs and to break barriers to market entry. We use a unique data set of international corporate control as a measure of stock FDI to construct a corporate control network (CCN), where the nodes are the countries and the edges are the corporate control relationships. Network measures, as the shortest path length and the communicability, are then computed on the CCN to capture the indirect channel of FDI. Empirically, we find that corporate control has a positive effect on trade both directly and indirectly. The result is robust with different specifications and estimation strategies. Hence, our paper provides strong empirical evidence of the indirect effects of FDI on trade. Moreover, we identify a number of interplaying factors such as regional trade agreements and the region of Asia. We also find that the indirect effects are more pronounced for the manufacturing sector than for primary sectors such as oil extraction and agriculture.     

The impact of foreign ownership,local ownership and industry characteristics on spillover benefits from foreign direct investment in China

This paper finds that significant variation in FDI spillover effects on local industry is obscured through the aggregation common in most studies. Breaking Chinese industrial data for 2001 down by category of ownership of foreign investor, local firm, and by host industry, we find evidence of greater positive spillovers from FDI in technology-intensive industries than in labour-intensive industries. We also find that overseas Chinese affiliates from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (HMT) generate spillovers to locally owned enterprises (LOEs) in labour-intensive industries, in contrast to western affiliates, which positively impact on the performance of LOEs in technology-intensive industries. Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) benefit from the presence of both HMT affiliates in labour-intensive industries and of western affiliates in technology-intensive industries. Other LOEs (OLOEs), however, benefit only from HMT affiliates’ presence in labour-intensive industries. These findings offer some support to host government policies offering generous incentive packages to attract foreign investors in high-technology industries. We find that some aspects of China's status as a transition economy—for example the considerable resources and effective control deployed by the state and SOEs—has helped its development process; however we argue that it is possible for non-transition developing economies to implement similar policies.     

The determinants of foreign direct investment in China: The case of Taiwanese firms in the IT industry

This study illustrates the factors that affect a firm's intention to engage in foreign direct investment (FDI) in China, using Taiwanese firms in the Information Technology (IT) sector as an example. By building upon the literature, we investigate a firm's decision to engage in FDI by taking industry and firm factors into consideration. This study applies an event history technique to perform an empirical analysis, taking into account the conditional probability of the element of time. These factors are analyzed in a dynamic context using a sample of 667 Taiwanese firms in 10 industries between 1996 and 2005. We find that network linkages, the expansion of markets, and China's incentive policies positively affect the intention to engage in FDI. A firm with a higher degree of export orientation and larger firm size also has a strong effect on motivating FDI.     

The relationship between domestic and outward foreign direct investment: The role of industry-specific effects

Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effect of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. Based on a simple theoretical framework including monitoring and trade costs, we argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The results may thus have profound policy implications. JEL no. F12, F21, F23, G34.     

我国利用外资形势的变化与跨国公司投资战略的调整

外国直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment,简称FDI)是重要的外部资源,也是一种稀缺资源。大力吸引和有效利用FDI,对于提升我国的产业结构,促进社会主义市场经济的形成和发展,推动中国经济与国际经济体系相融合等,都将发挥重要而积极的作用。自2001年起,特别是在加入WTO以后,中国又迎来了新一轮外商对华投资的高潮。2002年,全国合同外商直接投资827.68亿美元,同比增长19.62％;实际使用外商直接投资527.43亿美元,同比增长12.51％,超过美国成为世界     

The effect of temporary devaluation on foreign investment: A trade-theoretic analysis and an application to Mexico

We develop a two-period model with foreign investment and international borrowing and lending. We find that temporary devaluation has no effect on contemporaneous foreign investment, but the effect on future foreign investment is positive via the working of the credit market. These findings are then tested for Mexico with regression analysis.     

外商直接投资对黑龙江省产业结构的影响分析与对策

外商直接投资对黑龙江的产业结构升级起到了不可忽视的作用。在经济全球化和振兴东北老工业基地的双重契机下,应从实际出发,制定合理的政策,采取可行的措施,充分有效地利用外资,扩大利用外资的规模,提高利用外资的质量,以体制创新、机制创新和科技创新活动为动力,加快对内对外开放,整合区域资源,实现资源有效配置,以资源的高效利用为核心,大力发展循环经济,把握高新技术产业的发展方向,以信息化带动工业化,走新型工业化道路,推进产业集聚和企业集群发展,促进高新技术产业规模化和传统产业化升级,把黑龙江省的比较优势转变为经济优势的市场竞争优势。     

A framework for comparing socially responsible investment markets: an analysis of the Dutch and Belgian retail markets

The increasing popularity of socially responsible investment among individual investors throughout Europe reveals the need for a framework that allows the comparison of socially responsible retail markets in different European countries. This article proposes such a framework, containing 16 different characteristics of socially responsible retail markets describing the size, institutionalization and nature of this market and correcting for differences in the size of countries and financial markets. When this framework was applied to the Dutch and Belgian socially responsible retail markets, differences were found with respect to the nature of both markets (specifically the use of non‐financial criteria, the asset allocation, the number of solidarity funds and investors' preferences for socially responsible savings products). Similarities were found with respect to the (absolute and relative) size and the degree of institutionalization of the socially responsible retail markets.     

Drivers of customer satisfaction in the grocery retail industry: A longitudinal analysis across store formats

The design of satisfactory shopping experiences remains one of the main challenges for building long-term profitability in modern retailing. Therefore, companies are interested in identifying the key drivers of the service execution that shape customer shopping satisfaction. In this study, we developed a standardized questionnaire for evaluating the shopping experience, and conducted a large study in several grocery stores across different formats during a time span of five years. The resulting rich dataset enabled us to uncover interesting patterns using both individual and store-level analyses. Our results indicate that larger store formats are associated with greater satisfaction levels. When looking at the marginal effects of the various elements of customer service, we found that some specific elements of service execution present significant differences across store formats. In addition, we identified loss aversion on shopping experience, since poor performance impacts more on customer satisfaction than superior performance. Finally, our store-level analysis sheds light on how changes in the service performance determine changes in the shopping experience in the same store. These implied results may guide store and chain managers to evaluate the role of the store execution elements better, and to design the customer shopping experience successfully.