DEFINING AND MEASURING THE PUBLIC SECTOR: SOME INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS

The public sector is defined here to include government plus public enterprises. Historically, economists and statisticians have been more concerned with its separate components than with the public sector as a whole, but it is suggested that the public sector may be an appropriate concept for studying several current problems of economic policy. While there is general agreement as to what constitutes government, countries have differing views about what makes an enterprise public. Differences in country definitions of public enterprises are identified as one of the main problems in making international comparisons for the public sector. Statistics are presented for up to 16 OECD countries on the share of the public sector in total final demand, value added, employment, and net lending. It is argued that there is rarely a unique answer to the question “How big is the public sector?” For most countries judicious selection of data and careful definition will lead to different conclusions about the size and growth of the public sector. Because of the lack of data, it is not possible to analyse public sectors in developing countries in the same detail as OECD countries. The evidence available suggests that while public sectors are about the same size in both OECD and developing countries, public enterprises play a more important role in the latter.     

英国“我的数据”项目及其对我国政府推进大数据应用的启示

"我的数据"项目是英国政府寻求数据红利的一次创新性实践。该项目试图集聚政府、产业界和广大消费者的力量,发展"个人信息管理服务市场",更直接地推动大数据经济。英国政府在"我的数据"项目中起到了协调、保障和扶弱的作用。借鉴英国"我的数据"项目,我国政府在推进大数据应用中,应该:开放数据,使大数据真正成为经济发展的动力;聚合数据密集型产业,带动新的产业以及生产性服务业的发展;平衡各方利益,制定隐私和知识产权政策,设立纠错补偿机制。     

分税制改革与完善社会主义市场经济体制研究

完善分税制支出端改革对于完善社会主义市场经济体制有着十分重要的促进作用.我国财政改革自1980年实行承包制及分税制已走过40年的辉煌历程,"四十而不惑"的最好纪念是聚焦成功经验,客观认知财政改革前20年的"头羊效应"和后20年过渡期的某些弱效影响,以更好落实习近平总书记"人均公共服务均等化"为政理财思想,推进基本公共服...     

Boundedness and nonlinearities in public debt dynamics: A TAR assessment

This study aims to investigate the dynamics of public debts over more than four decades for two of the main developed countries: the USA and the UK. To do this, we apply nonlinearity tests and threshold models. While the first tests enable us to check for further changes in the data, threshold models are required to assess the switching-regime hypothesis and to apprehend the main changes in public debts through different regimes. Our results provide several interesting findings. First, for both countries, we noted several structural breaks associated with well-known economic downturns, oil shocks, debt crises and financial crashes. Second, public debt dynamics seem to be characterized by various threshold effects that can improve the modeling and forecasting of public debt evolution. It is important to note that public debts vary significantly according to the regime and that a regime can be induced by specific macroeconomic factors. Keeping a close eye on such factors may help economists and policymakers to better control future public debt evolutions.     

我国文化产业公共财政投入的绩效分析与对策选择

公共财政投入是文化产业可持续发展的基础。对2005—2010年我国31个省、市、自治区相关数据的随机效应模型(RE)计量分析结果显示:各类文化事业费支出对文化产业增加值都有显著影响,但贡献度差异很大。造成这一结果的原因在于我国文化产业公共财政投入的结构失衡,表现在总量结构不均衡、项目结构不均衡和区域、城乡结构不均衡三方面。要从优化财政投入结构、创新公共财政投入模式和建立有效评价机制等方面提高文化产业公共财政投入的绩效。     

劳动力市场分割背景下全球价值链嵌入对要素报酬的影响机制研究

随着世界经济一体化的深入发展,全球价值链和劳动力市场分割对企业要素报酬会产生深度影响。本文从企业层面出发,通过构建面板固定效应模型研究全球价值链嵌入和劳动力市场分割对要素报酬的影响及其内在机制。结果表明：全球价值链嵌入和劳动市场分割有利于企业劳动报酬提高,但对企业资本报酬有负向影响;全球价值链与劳动市场分割对资本密集型企业劳动报酬正向影响更大,劳动密集型企业资本报酬更易受到全球价值链嵌入的负向影响,且资本密集型企业资本报酬受到劳动市场分割的负向影响更大,同时全球价值链嵌入和劳动市场分割对非国有企业的影响显著大于国有企业;全球价值链嵌入和劳动力市场分割通过提高全要素生产率和资产增长率来改善企业劳动要素报酬并降低企业资本报酬,其作用在资本密集型企业和非国有企业中更加明显。     

Unemployment and Technical Innovation; A Study of Long Waves and Economic Development

The purpose of this paper is to provide further thoughts for promoting the government after reviewing the competing insights of the right-wing public choice school economists and the left-wing institutionalists in the VeblenCommons tradition. This paper points out that big government and big business have indeed become complements to some extent. That is, they are symbiotic and one certainly cannot criticize (or try to remove) big government without checking big business at the same time, and vice versa. To counteract the power of corporate hegemony and to break the control of governments by privileged interests, this paper suggests that it is desirable to initiate institutional change in society toward the movement of more local government planning in promoting the local community. Such a society is not only practically consistent with the progress of sustainable development (under the “think globally, act locally” guideline) but also conceptually compatible with John Stuart Mill’s high-minded mental culture and John Maynard Keynes’S forward-looking vision of economic bliss.     

大数据赋能企业知识管理创新机理与路径研究——基于华为案例

大数据时代呈指数级增长的数据量和不断涌现的技术工具对企业知识管理提出了新要求，因此探究大数据如何赋能企业知识管理创新对提升企业核心竞争力具有重要意义。采用扎根分析法，以华为公司为案例，对大数据赋能知识管理创新的内在机理与演变路径进行系统研究，提出“创新环境-创新主体-创意开发”的理论分析框架，在此基础上结合企业知识管理演变特征，将企业知识管理创新路径划分为3个阶段，即外源数据赋能的知识积累阶段、内源数据赋能的知识交流阶段和内外源数据联合赋能的知识创新阶段，深入分析每个阶段大数据赋能企业知识管理创新的内在机理，为推进大数据时代企业知识管理创新提供理论支持与决策参考。     

Maximizing votes under imperfect information

This paper presents an alternative, sympathy voting, to the usual public choice approaches. It deals with voters whose decision depends both on an economic component and a sympathy component. The politician is perfectly informed of the economic component, but not of the sympathy component. The paper compares vote maximization under sympathy voting to the maximization of votes which come from pure homines oeconomici. Sympathy voting is defined in such a way that pure economic voting is its limiting case. The latter property can be used to apply the classical Lagrangean technique to maximizing votes under economic voting. The approach is applied to two typical examples of political choice: the property tax/local public expenditure decision, and public pricing of local public utilities.     

地方政府公共品供给效率实证研究

笔者以2003年～2008年中国省际面板数据为样本,实证研究了地方政府公共品供给效率及其影响因素。研究发现:在样本期间地方政府公共品供给效率平均值都在0.9以上,效率整体较高,但还有近10%的提升空间,从区域上看,地方公共品供给效率呈东高西低态势;居民收入增加、转移支付及预算外收入比重提高、经济开放度提升等将降低地方政府公共品供给效率,而人口密度的增加、教育水平的提高则有助于地方政府公共品供给效率的提升。     

关于我国水银行制度建设几个问题的思考

水银行作为水权租赁和水量买卖双方的中介,是调剂用水余缺、节约水交易成本和促进水资源可持续利用的一个有效工具。水银行制度建设要解决与水资源行政主管部门的关系、规避运作风险及化解交易外部性等三个大问题。作为一个经济组织,水银行要独立于水资源行政主管部门,水资源行政主管部门可以运用行政手段和经济手段来管理水银行,还可以参加水银行交易以满足公共利益的用水需求。在水银行交易出现“空头”,即买入量小于卖出量时,可以运用休耕、水库余水、地下水、节水和水管部门“公开市场业务”等方法来调整,或在出现“空头”之前就采取向卖方预订一定水量的选择权等方法。水交易具有很强的外部性,降低水银行交易外部性的方法有预防性措施和补偿性措施。     

DOES BIG GOVERNMENT HURT GROWTH LESS IN HIGH‐TRUST COUNTRIES?

Social trust is linked to both public sector size and to economic growth, thereby helping to explain how some countries combine high taxes with high levels of economic growth. This paper examines if social trust insulates countries against the negative effects of public sector size on growth, documented in several studies. We note that the effect is theoretically ambiguous. In panel data from 66 countries across 40 years, we find no robust evidence of insulation effects: when excluding countries with uncertain trust scores, our results suggest that big government hurts growth also in high‐trust countries, and that the mechanism is by lowering private investments. (JEL H10, O11, P16, Z10)     

Constitutionalism and credibility in reforming economies1

There has been relatively little investigation of the effect of constitutional transformations on the economic transition in post‐communist countries. We develop a simple signalling model in which constitutionalism – a commitment to limit political power and provide judicial defence of basic rights – reinforces the credibility of pro‐market candidates’ electoral promises and boosts public support for economic reforms. These findings are tested using opinion poll data on public support for reform in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the former Soviet Union, in the 1990s. In a two‐stage procedure we show that public support for market reforms is higher in countries where incumbents have taken deliberate steps to increase political accountability and judicial independence. Public support also spurs actual economic reform.     

中国经济改革:背景、机制与挑战

经过三十余年的经济改革,中国的经济取得了巨大的进步,中国这条巨龙也正在逐渐回归到她在世界经济中应有的位置。这种经济改革是如何成功的?本文认为,承接于特定的历史经济背景,中国经济中三类主要的行为主体(中央、地方、民众)根据自身的条件进行了事实上的互动式的协调分工,各自对既有的约束条件进行突破,并在互动演进的发展过程中逐步建立了新的规则,这些规则所确立的激励与约束极大地调动了各参与主体的积极性,实现了从事必躬亲到各司其职的职能转换。正是在这些过程中,中国经济逐渐得到发展并获得前所未有的成就。但我们同时强调,在经济改革的过程中,也必须认清体制的不足,积极应对新的挑战。     

国家级大数据综合试验区创新效应研究

基于2008—2019年中国内地283个地级市平衡面板数据，以2015年分批实施的国家级大数据综合试验区为准自然实验，采用广义双重差分法评估大数据发展对城市创新能力的驱动作用，得到如下结论：①国家级大数据综合试验区政策对城市创新能力提升具有显著促进作用；②从空间溢出效应看，国家级大数据综合试验区建设有利于加速知识与信息技术跨区转移、流动以及扩散，培育创新增长极，对相邻区域、经济联系较紧密区域产生较强的创新示范效应；③从中介效应看，优化要素配置、推动产业结构调整和促进大众创业创新是大数据综合试验区提升城市创新能力的重要渠道；④从异质性看，大数据综合试验区对中西部城市、高行政等级城市和网络基础设施不足城市的创新驱动效应更强，表明大数据综合试验区建设有利于填补区域间“数字鸿沟”，推动区域协同发展。     

大数据能力对企业创新绩效的影响——IT-业务融合与双元环境的调节作用

基于动态能力理论和权变理论，以IT-业务融合、双元环境为调节变量，探究大数据能力与企业创新绩效间的作用关系，结果发现：大数据能力对创新绩效具有正向促进作用；IT-业务融合调节大数据能力与创新绩效的关系，IT-业务融合水平越高，大数据能力对创新绩效的正向影响就越显著；双元环境能够调节大数据能力与创新绩效间关系。其中，环境动态性在大数据能力与创新绩效关系间起正U型调节作用，而环境竞争性在大数据能力与创新绩效关系间起倒U型调节作用。从内外部情境视角解释大数据能力的创新转化，对中国企业大数据应用具有指导意义。     

The value and consequences of using public health technology assessments for private payer decision-making in Canada: one size does not fit all

Background: Both public and private insurers provide drug coverage in Canada. All payers are under pressure to contain costs. It has recently been proposed that private plans leverage the public health technology assessment (HTA) evaluation process in their decision-making.

Objectives: The objectives of the current study were to examine use of public health technology assessments (HTAs) for private payer decision-making in the literature, to gather the perspectives of experts from both public and private insurers on this practice, and to summarize which value parameters of public evaluations can be used for private payer decision-making.

Methods: A targeted literature review was conducted to identify publications on the use of public HTA or cost-effectiveness data for private payer decision-making on pharmaceutical reimbursement. Concurrently, a roundtable meeting was organized with invited panelists, including private payer representatives and health economic consultants (total n?=?9). The findings from both were synthesized and expressed in qualitative terms using the PICO framework.

Results: The targeted review identified 20 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, primarily originating from the US and Canada. The panelists felt that, despite some similarities, there were substantial differences between both systems. The PICO framework highlighted the issues with transferability between the two systems. Most of the value parameters were either not applicable, needed to be added, needed to be adjusted, or their applicability to private payer systems needed to be confirmed.

Conclusion: Some components of public HTA may be relevant for private payers, however there are reservations that still exist on whether the HTA process in Canada, designed for a public system, can address the informational needs of private payers. Private insurers need to use caution in assessing which value parameters from public HTAs can be used and which need to be confirmed, ignored, enhanced, or adjusted. One size HTA does not fit all applications.     

Choosing the size of the public sector under rent seeking from state coffers

This paper incorporates rent seeking from state coffers into a general equilibrium model of economic growth and endogenous policy. Self-interested individuals try to extract, for personal benefit, part of tax revenues that could be used to finance public investment. We solve for a non-cooperative Nash equilibrium in individual agents' behavior. The determinants of rent seeking in general equilibrium are identified and we consider the efficient size of public sector given the rent-seeking activity. Cross-country data from 108 rich and developing countries provide support for our predictions.     

The non-linear impact of high and growing government external debt on economic growth: A Markov Regime-switching approach

Today, the major reason for external debt is to finance high public deficits. This study aims to examine the relationship between external indebtedness and growth variables. In this context, Markov-switching model is used because it allows the examination of unobservable variables in an observable model and provides steady algorithm to achieve robust optimization by iterations in a dynamic system, and is more flexible than prior models. This paper concentrates on the analysis of Turkey and utilizes the data set for the period of 1974 to 2009. Throughout the analyses, the relationship between growth and external borrowing is examined in terms of public and private external borrowing. Paper yields that, according to results of multivariate dynamic Markov-switching model, the main growth variables such as investment and human capital have positive impact on growth as expected. Findings can be summarized as follows; firstly, public and/or private external borrowing has negative impact on growth both in regime at zero and regime at one. Secondly, the negative impact of public borrowing on economic growth and development is higher than that of private borrowing on economic growth and development. Eventually, the conclusion reveals that the economic development and borrowing variables do not follow a linear path.     

大数据价值来源、价值内容与价值创造机理——基于2011—2021年管理类和商业类SSCI期刊分析

大数据是收集、管理和分析“5V”数据的技术方法,逐渐成为管理和商业研究领域的热门主题。以2011—2021年管理类和商业类SSCI期刊文献为研究样本,在文献计量分析的基础上,围绕“来源—内容—机理”框架,系统回顾管理和商业领域大数据价值主题。首先,从主客体两方面切入,梳理大数据内涵、研究对象及测量方法;其次,聚焦“大数据能带来什么样的价值”这一问题,从效率性价值和创新性价值两类范畴着手,回顾大数据价值内容相关研究成果;第三,系统梳理大数据价值创造过程机理和边界条件。在此基础上,构建管理和商业领域大数据价值研究分析框架,并讨论该领域未来发展方向。研究结论可为管理和商业领域大数据价值研究提供更系统、深入的研究框架与思路。