中国西部地区农村内部不平等状况研究——基于贵州住户调查数据的分析

与以往使用抽样调查数据的研究不同,本文利用在贵州省普定县随机抽取三个村庄的全户调查数据,运用三种针对不平等指数的分解方法,旨在分析西部地区农村内部不平等状况、主要影响因素及其原因,以便为瞄准住户的扶贫战略提供新的实证依据。研究发现,即使在村级层面,贫困地区农户收入和支出的不平等状况仍然很严重,收入的基尼系数高达0．44,GE指数为0．34;通过对运用组内组间收入和支出GE指数分解方法发现,村内的不平等程度（贡献率为90％左右）比村间（贡献率为10％左右）的更为严重;通过运用收入来源和支出构成GE指数分解方法发现,农业和非农收入都是西部地区农村入口的主要收入来源（分别占总收入的41．1％和42．3％）,但是非农收入却是造成收入不平等的最主要因素（贡献率为68．8％）;通过运用基于回归分析的Shapley值分解方法发现,家庭资产、特别是土地的拥有情况,是造成收入不平等的主要因素。文章最后根据研究结果,针对西部农村地区土地政策、社会保障体系、扶贫政策等提出了相应的建议。     

公共转移对中国城镇收入不平等的影响

基于1986-2009年城镇入户调查的微观数据,本文采用GE指数及其区域分解法,分别根据不同的地区、所有制及产业进行划分,深入而全面地考察了公共转移收入对中国城镇居民收入不平等的影响.结果发现,无论是根据地区、所有制还是产业进行区域分解,公共转移收入都对降低城镇居民收入不平等起到了重要作用.笔者还运用收入来源分解法,分析了公共转移收入对城镇居民收入不平等的贡献率变化.研究表明,公共转移对总的收入不平等的贡献率是略微上升.结论是公共转移对降低城镇居民收入不平等起到了一定的作用,但仍有较大的改进余地.     

中国农村居民收入增长和分配与贫困减少——兼论农村内部收入不平等

文章采用模型分析和基尼系数分解方法,基于2000年以来分省的农村居民收入增长和分配及贫困减少数据,分析我国农村居民收入增长和分配的减贫效应,并探讨农村内部收入不平等状况及来源。发现2000年以来我国农村居民收入增长依然对农村贫困减少发挥着显著的促进作用,但是收入分配的恶化会部分抵消收入增长的减贫作用;农村内部收入不平等程度明显高于城镇,工资性收入是农村内部收入不平等的主要影响因素,家庭经营收入次之,财产性收入和转移性收入对收入不平等的贡献率则相对较低。     

我国社会保障支出的地区差异分析

文章首先运用GE指数分解法,分析我国社会保障支出区域差异及贡献率;然后运用GINI系数分解法,分析社会保障各项支出对总体差异的贡献率。结果表明:三大区域总体、区域内及区域间的差异基本呈下降趋势,期间略有起伏,但区域内差异远远大于区域间差异;东部、中部和西部地区差异变动趋势不一致,且对总体差异的贡献率差别较大;社会保障各项支出的贡献率差异较大,其中社会保障补助支出成为总体差异的主体因素。文章最后对实际测算结果作进一步分析,并提出相应的政策建议。     

机会不平等与收入差距——对城市住户收入调查数据的实证研究

利用CHIP数据,运用基于回归方程的不平等分解方法,本文发现,劳动者所处地区、所工作行业、性别等机会不平等因素对收入差距的贡献超过40%。工具变量法的回归分析还表明,由于家庭背景差异,贡献率最高的教育回报背后也存在着机会不平等。本文的政策含义是,为了缩小收入差距,消除社会不公,政府应该努力给每个人创造公平的竞争环境。     

西部大开发有助于缩小西部地区的收入不平等吗——基于双倍差分法的经验研究

本文采用双倍差分法考察了西部大开发对中国西部地区收入不平等的影响效应及其作用机制。结果表明:西部大开发显著地缩小了中国西部地区的收入不平等,在选用衡量收入不平等的不同指标和控制其它影响因素后,这一结论依然稳健;通过进一步研究发现,西部大开发主要通过吸收外资、提高城市化水平和财政支农支出规模的途径来缩小西部地区的收入不平等。     

中国农村村级财力不均等研究

本文利用CHIPS最新的行政村调查数据,借鉴收入分配文献中发展出来的地区子集分解法和收入来源不平等法,从空间层面和收入构成层面对村级财力进行地区分解和收入来源分解,以反映中国农村行政村之间财力差异的变化情况。结果发现:中国农村行政村之间财力差距非常悬殊,但财力不均等出现下降趋势;大部分财力不均等是由组内差异解释的,并且东部地区的贡献率最大;村级财力来源发生变化,村组统一经营方面的收入明显减少,上级拨入的收入增多,成为村级财力最主要来源。上级拨入的收入较好地起到了均等村级财力的作用,能有效地减少村之间的财力差异。     

本地非农就业、外出务工与中国农村收入不平等*

随着巨大的经济和社会变革,中国的收入不平等程度发生了巨大变化。依据CHIP家庭微观调查1988-2007年的数据,使用基尼系数分解以及非参数分解等多种方法,本文试图对本地非农就业、外出务工等不同类型的家庭从业模式与农村收入不平等的关系进行较为全面的探讨。研究得出了一些有价值的结论：首先,从整体的收入分布来看,早期的农村地区的发展更多伴随着不平等程度提高,而后期经济增长则带来更多福利改善;其次,家庭主要非农收入来源是本地非农就业,外出务工所得具有缩小收入差距的作用,而本地非农就业则具有扩大作用,随着时间推移其作用程度也有所改变;最后,经济增长成果惠及不同群体,但并非平均分配,不同群体获益情况不同,增长和不平等通过作用于不同类型家庭影响到最终的收入分布。     

重庆农民收入差距的分析

运用高低比、基尼系数、泰尔指数等收入不平等指数对重庆市地区间农村居民收入差距进行了分析,指出重庆市地区间农村居民整体的收入差距呈逐年下降的趋势,这种地区间的平衡发展态势将增强重庆经济的整体活力,但差距在2005年有所扩大.此外,运用泰尔指数对重庆市地区间农民收入差距进行了分解分析,发现组间差距对总差距的贡献率一直达70%以上,但这种贡献总体呈下降趋势,而组内差距的贡献逐年上升.     

我国东、中、西部地区农民收入差距的实证研究——基于收入来源视角的分析

本文运用GE指数及其分解方法,对1984-2009年我国东、中、西部地区间及其内部省际间收入差距大小,及其在总区域收入差距中的贡献变化趋势进行测度,并利用要素分解法从收入来源视角实证分析农民收入差距产生的原因.研究发现,三大区域之间的收入差距是我国农民收入差距拉大的最重要原因;工资性收入成为拉大三大区域间农民收入的关键所在,而家庭经营收入则起着缩小差距的作用;转移性收入和财产性收入在总收入中所占比例很小,但两者对总收入差距的贡献却呈现微弱的上升趋势,不容轻视.基于研究结果,本文进一步提出了几点建议,以期为我国农村地区缩小收入差距、促进社会稳定和谐发展带来一些启示.     

贫困、不平等和农村非农产业的发展

本文利用农村家庭户的调查数据，从微观经济学的角度出发，研究了中国农村非农产业对农村地区收入不平等和贫困的影响。我们首先利用计量经济学方法，模拟家庭在不参与非农业活动情况下的收入水平，然后比较参与和不参与非农业活动两种情况下的收入分布。结果表明，非农业生产活动一方面缓解了农村地区的收入不平等状况，另一方面显著降低了农村的贫困化程度。缩小了贫困户间的收入差距，改善了最贫困户的收入水平。     

Does income inequality increase charitable giving?

Do households react to changes in the distribution of income in their localities by changing their charitable giving? The theoretical prediction of the effects of income inequality on giving is unclear. We study how changes in income inequality measured at the neighbourhood and municipality levels affect charitable giving by households in Canada between 1991 and 2006. We find that increases in inequality increase giving. Results are sensitive to the geographic dispersion of low‐ and high‐income households in neighbourhoods within a municipality. The effect on donations is smaller in areas with high levels of inequality at both neighbourhood and municipality levels.     

影响我国农村居民收入差距的主要因素:从收入构成角度的分解分析

This paper attempts to explore the causes behind the change of the inequality in China rural areas at the very beginning of this century by decomposing the inequality of the total per capita income into the contributions from different income components. Furthermore, we develop the decomposition method of Gini coefficients from the income components and use it not only in the static analysis but also in comparative static analysis. Namely it can be used to explore the change of the overall inequality by decomposing the change of Gini Coefficient from income components. The empirical results show that the wage from local employment, the income from agricultural household business and the incomes from non-agricultural household business are the three income components that made the largest contributions to the inequality of the total per capita income. The total contribution to the overall inequality of non-agricultural incomes was much more than that of agricultural incomes. The incomes from agricultural household business, the incomes from non-agricultural household business and the wages from migration made the positive impact on the increase of the overall inequality. The incomes donated by relatives and friends made the most important negative impact on the increase of the overall inequality.     

STASIS AMID CHANGE INCOME INEQUALITY IN CANADA 1965-1983

Income inequality in Canada has not changed significantly over the past two decades, though this apparent stability may be surprising in view of the major economic and social changes that occurred over this period. The share of income going to the bottom quintile remains at about four percent while the top quintile continues to receive about 40 percent of income.
Social trends such as lower fertility rates have coincided with increased female labour force participation to increase family incomes in the middle and upper-middle parts of the income spectrum. At the same time, the trend for baby boom children to establish their own separate households, and increased divorce and separation rates, have tended to create more small family units with low incomes. These social trends, in isolation of other factors, would have increased income inequality.
However, economic factors have apparently offset these tendencies. Since employment income is concentrated in the middle and upper-middle ranges, the relative fall in this source of income over the past two decades tended to be equalizing. Similarly, the fact that a large part of total investment income accrues to the elderly who have below average income implies that the trend towards high interest rates has been equalizing. Finally, the social "safety nets" put in place in the mid-1960s and early 1970s have grown in relative importance, and this too has had an equalizing impact on the distribution of income.
Given the overall stability in income inequality, the equalizing tendencies of economic factors such as high interest rates and relatively slow economic growth, with the large automatic responsiveness of governments' social safety net programs, appear to have just about exactly offset the disequalizing social factors of "baby boomers" leaving home, lower fertility, higher divorce and separation rates, and higher female labour force participation.     

A natural experiment of the effect of advertising on sales: the SASOL case

China's so-called ‘reform and opening up’ policy (Gai Ge Kai Fang), implemented nearly 30 years ago, has led to tremendous economic development. China's nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 3.25 trillion US dollars in 2007, making it the fourth largest economy in the world. At the same time, income inequality has become quite skewed in China, inviting considerable criticism. Moreover, the trend towards greater income inequality persists. Of particular public policy relevance is the effect of income inequality on health disparities in China, particularly for low-income households. This study addresses this issue using a longitudinal dataset from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) over the period 1997 to 2006. Our central finding is that income inequality affects health differently by socioeconomic status: income inequality harms individual health among low income households by more than it does among high income households. More specifically, health is more adversely affected by greater income inequality for households with low incomes. China's central government is committed to making further investments in the health care system. As part of that effort, attention should be directed at low income households to reduce health inequality, possibly providing them with a health insurance safety net similar to Medicaid in USA.     

DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY IN AUSTRALIA BETWEEN 1975 AND 1993

We examine trends in consumption inequality among Australian households using the Australian Bureau of Statistics Household Expenditure Surveys collected over the period 1975 to 1993. We find that the distribution of consumption is much more equal than that of income and that both income and consumption inequality rose by significant amounts over the period. However, consumption inequality rose by much less (the Gini coefficient for income inequality rose by 17 percent while that for nondurable consumption rose by 9 percent). We then examine the effects of demographic trends, specifically population aging and changing family structures, and find they account for only a minor fraction in the overall growth in economic inequality.     

Consumption and Income Inequality in Australia

Consumption may be a more appropriate measure of household well-being than income or earnings. Using four ABS Household Expenditures Surveys collected between 1975 and 1993, we compare trends in consumption and income inequality among Australian households. We find that consumption is much more equal than income. While there were significant increases in both income and consumption inequality, consumption inequality rose by much less. One interpretation of the results is that some income inequality in Australia reflects transitory fluctuations which households can smooth,'and that part of the growth in income inequality reflects an increase in these transitory fluctuations.     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN URBAN CHINA AND IN CHINA AS A WHOLE IN 1995

The composition, inequality and determinants of wealth among households in urban China in 1995 are studied. In addition, we compare the wealth distribution in urban China with the wealth distribution in rural China and present the first estimates of inequality in the distribution of household wealth in China as a whole. The results show that housing wealth makes up a large part of net worth in urban China. Most urban Chinese households keep a bank account; debts are unusual. A household's net worth is strongly related to its income and location. Net worth is more unequally distributed among urban households than among rural households. However, compared to the situation in most industrialized countries, net worth in urban China and in China as a whole appear to be rather equally distributed.     

什么导致了中国城镇家庭的消费不平等

以消费不平等作为反映经济不平等的重要指标,本文系统研究了中国城镇家庭消费不平等的成因。采用中国跨省区城镇家庭调查数据,基于再中心化影响函数的实证分析结果显示：我国城镇家庭的收入与净资产的不平等是导致其消费不平等的重要原因。此外,户主的性别、婚姻状况、健康状况、宗教信仰以及家庭人口结构等因素也对城镇家庭消费不平等有着不同程度的显著影响。     

THE IMPACT OF FEMALE WORK ON FAMILY INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES: BLACK-WHITE DIFFERENTIALS*

Using data from the 1973 National Survey of Family Growth, the present study analyzes, for blacks and whites separately, the impact of female market activity on the inequality of the income distribution among households. The family life cycle is divided into three stages, according to the presence and age of children: (1) the interval between marriage and the birth of the first child, (2) the child-rearing interval, and (3) a final period which begins when all the children have reached school age. Using the coefficient of variation as an indicator of inequality, the empirical results show that in period 1, the contribution of white working wives has a large equalizing impact, while that of their black counterparts results in a slight increase in dispersion. In the child-rearing and post child-rearing stages, the labor supply of mothers decreases family income inequality by a small amount for both black and white households. A decomposition of the squared coefficient of variation of family income is presented to aid in the interpretation of these findings.