Groundwater Management: Efficiency and Equity Considerations

Groundwater has the characteristics of commonly owned property, and its use is likely to be inefficient in the absence of regulation. Several management tools can be used to regulate groundwater withdrawals, with no one tool dominating the others in terms of efficiency of water use. However, the welfare distributional effects of various management schemes on individual users who vary in their derived demands for groundwater might be quite substantial, and different users may find considerably different schemes attractive. The equity problems associated with the division of management benefits may dominate the decisions about support of or opposition to groundwater management, and hence they must be undertaken with considerable care and resolved by consensus among users. Although the negotiations are expected to be extensive and complicated, there is a substantial basis for agreement because all users stand to gain; the question is, who will gain the most?     

Technical Efficiency Estimates of Scottish Agriculture: A Note

Within the UK there has been a lack of studies of technical efficiency at the Scottish level. This note compares the results obtained using Scottish data with a recent study by Hadley [Journal of Agricultural Economics (2006) Vol. 57, pp. 81–100] for English and Welsh farms. Four major sectors are investigated, namely: (i) cereals, (ii) dairy, (iii) sheep and (iv) beef over the period 1989 to 2004. Some distinct differences in efficiencies, returns to scale and causes of efficiency are found.     

区域土地利用的效率与公平及其政府职能

随着城市化和工业化快速发展,我国的人地矛盾日益尖锐,因此国家实行最严厉的土地管理制度,规划建设用地占用耕地指标成为稀缺资源,为了提高资源的配置效率,促进区域均衡发展,国家提出了主体功能分区的概念,这也对区域土地利用方式和规划建设占用耕地指标的分配提出了新的要求.以此为出发点,探讨了区域土地利用高效率配置模式,以及对限制发展地区补偿的途径,并从财政转移、政绩考核、空间引导和环境保护等方面提出了相应的政策建议.     

征地制度改革的公平与效率解析

始于计划经济时期的征地制度，为我国工业化初期的经济发展做出了不可替代的贡献，但是，也严重侵害了农民的利益．制度所表现出的制度非均衡性，随着社会主义市场经济的逐渐完善，表现尤为明显，改革征地制度，提高征地补偿已是大势所趋。本文从社会经济发展和福利的角度出发，用公平和效率构造拉弗曲线，来说明征地制度制度变迁的方向。     

福建省集体林权制度改革中的公平与效率问题浅析

从林改中公平与效率关系的论证出发,在两次实地问卷调研的基础上,研究福建省集体林权制度改革中的公平与效率问题,指出林改中存在农民受益度度相对较低、林权纠纷和采伐限额等公平问题;效率方面的研究发现林改后总体林业经营意愿、林业经营效率得到提高,但林户规模不同,效率提高程度有所不同。最后提出了相应的对策。     

耕地保护政策的内涵及其公平与效率分析

耕地保护是20世纪90年代以来政府一直非常重视的工作,它直接关系国家粮食安全战略目标能否实现。通过对耕地保护的本质内涵,包括数量、质量、生态、时间、空间和利益的保护等方面的详细分析,指出了耕地保护的出发点应该是保证耕地的农作物生产能力不下降,耕地保护的落脚点在于为农民创造一个健康良好的农业经营环境;然后从国家、农民和可持续发展等角度,对当前我国耕地保护政策的合理性与公平性进行分析,最后对耕地保护政策的成效进行了简单的评价。     

农村公共服务市场化供给中的效率与公平问题探讨

本文对农村公共服务市场化供给中的效率与公平问题进行了探讨。案例分析表明，农村公共服务的市场化供给不必然带来供给效率的提高，也有可能会对供给的公平性造成损害。效率与公平的兼顾，既取决于具体公共服务的经济学属性，也取决于政府部门的有效监管。在上述分析的基础上，论文提出了一个农村公共服务市场化供给中兼顾效率与公平的公共政策框架。     

农地使用权流转的公平与效率问题

本文对土地联产承包责任制以来的几种重要土地流转方式从公平与效率上进行了比较与分析，认为农村土地制度改革应继续坚持效率优先的原则。     

耕地资源利用的代际公平原则与社会经济可持续发展

论文在界定耕地资源代际公平内涵的基础上．阐述代际公平原则对传统经济学理论的挑战，接着指出了我国目前耕地资源利用存在着数量存量失衡和功能存量的危机，最后提出了我国耕地资源利用代际失衡的原因及对策。     

公平与效率:合作社组织的思想宗旨及其制度安排

一、合作社的内部矛盾性分析　　合作社是一种特殊的企业组织形式 ,其经营宗旨具有社会公平与经济效率的双重目标。合作社首要、基本的特征是一个民众结社组织 ,这体现了对每位社员公平的一面 ,有别于纯营利性企业 ,如公司———以利润最大化即经济效率为目标。另一方面 ,合作社还是一个企业 ,其结社的目的并非要把商品经济制度所造成的现象全部推翻 ,而是保护社员从社会统治与经济剥削的双重压力下解脱出来 ,并满足他们共同的需要 ,这体现了合作社追求经济效率的一面 ,有别于一般的社团组织 ,如慈善团体———以某种社会理想如社会公正为目…     

农地非农化:兼顾效率与公平的补偿标准——理论及其在中国的应用

本文通过考察土地征用过程中农地非农化的价值演变机理，在完全竞争市场条件下，假设买卖双方要价能力相等，获取兼顾效率与公平的补偿标准。同时对可转移农地发展权价值进行测度。从现有土地估价技术条件出发，选择具有可操作性的评估价值近似替代理论最优补偿值，为解决当前土地征用过程中存在的相关问题提供了一个有效的途径。中国的应用案例表明该补偿理论具有重大的政策意义和实践意义。     

Efficiency,Equity and Cost Recovery Implications of Water Pricing and Allocation Schemes in Developing Countries

Six alternative methods of allocating and pricing irrigation water used in developing countries are compared and ranked on the bases of allocative efficiency in production, equity in the distribution of income, and cost recovery to the provisioning authority. Several pricing and nonpricing allocation methods are compared, both between and among these categories. Comparisons and rankings are based on measures of efficiency, equity and cost recovery derived within the framework of a Cobb-Douglas production system. It is found that nearly unique rankings prevail, but that the rankings depend crucially on the relative capital intensities between small and large producers. Rankings presented here should provide significant information to people choosing among alternative resource allocation methods. Nous avons comparé et classé six méthodes différentes de distribution et de tarification de ?eau ?irrigation utilisées dans les pays en développement, à partir de lew efficacité quant à la production, à ?équité dans la répartition du revenu et au recouvrement des coûts par le fournisseur. Plusieurs méthodes de distribution avec ou sans tarification sont comparées entre ces catégories ainsi qu'au sein de chacun ?elles. Les comparaisons et le classement sont fondés sur des mesures de ?efficacité, de ?équité et du recouvrement des coûts déivées dans le cadre ?un système de production Cobb-Douglas. On constate que le classement est presque toujours le même mais qu'il dépend avant tout de la prédominance relative de capital entre les petits et les gros producteurs. Les classements présentés ici devraient s'avérer utiles pour ceux qui doivent choisir entre plusieurs méthodes de distribution des ressources.     

A Note on Former Soviet Bloc Countries

It is argued that while it is difficult to be critical of GKI, because the picture painted of the former Soviet bloc countries is so broad, the treatment is not sufficiently detailed to be analytically illuminating. Four important weaknesses are identified. The first is the problematic analogy of private plot agriculture on the former state and collective farms with minifundia in Latin America, and the consequent analogy of collective farms with latifundia. The second is the argument that private plot farming was involuting in a Geertzian sense. Thirdly, the GKI redistributive land reform agenda for Russia is questioned and a case is made for privately owned and managed large farms. Finally, GKI are criticized for failing to take account of the limited rural labour supply in Russia.     

效率与公平视角下的农村土地股份合作制绩效分析

农村土地股份合作制是我国农村土地制度创新的一种形式,效率与公平是衡量其制度绩效的两大基本标堆,现行农村土地股份合作制在一定程度上实现了效率与公平双重目标,但也为公平目标承担了部分效率损失,因而目前在推行过程中需要地方政府部门的适当扶持和补贴.     

A Note on Asymmetry in Commodity Futures Markets

This study tests for asymmetry in futures price changes using commodities from a variety of groups such as agricultural, metals, and financials. Tests are used to determine whether or not prices move up in the same fashion as they move down, over varying data frequencies. The results indicate that every commodity analyzed shows at least some degree of asymmetry.
Nous avons scruté les signes éventuels d'asymétrie dans l'évolution des prix à terme de certaines catégories de produits agricoles, industriels (pétrole et métaux) et boursiers. Des tests ont été utilisés pour déterminer si les prix moment de la même façon qu'ils descendent pour diverses fréquences d'établissement des prix (quotidien, hebdomadaire, mensuel). Il ressort de ces analyses que chaque type de produit comportait au mains un certain degré d'asymétrie.     

A Note on Imperfect Monitoring of Agri-Environmental Policy

In this note the impact of imperfect compliance monitoring on the implementation of agri-environmental policy is analysed. A principal-agent model is used to demonstrate how imperfections in the monitoring process lead to higher levels of incentive payments to ensure compliance. This means that less accurate compliance monitoring results in higher social costs from policy implementation. Technical enhancements in the accuracy of compliance monitoring will therefore lead to a reduction in social costs. This is an important result with significant implications for the design and implementation of agri-environmental policy.