房地产上市公司盈利能力影响因素实证分析

本文以上海和深圳交易所39家房地产上市公司2004年到2006年的财务数据为样本,从资本结构、股权结构、公司规模、公司风险、公司治理结构、营运效率和成长性多个方面,选取了可能影响盈利能力的多个指标变量进行了实证分析,结果证明:较高的资产负债率和较慢的总资产周转率抑制了公司的盈利能力,在此基础上提出了改进房地产上市公司盈利能力的若干建议。     

Recombinant Urbanization: Agrarian–urban Landed Property and Uneven Development in India

This article develops the concept of recombinant urbanization to show how agrarian landed property and land‐based caste/class relations shape the production of post‐liberalization urban real estate markets in India. I focus on two interrelated but differentiated agrarian property regimes in western Maharashtra to argue that real estate development is building on prior uneven agrarian land markets, which were themselves sociotechnically produced by colonial and postcolonial development politics. Through an examination of the organizational form of sugar cooperatives, which mediated agrarian capitalism in an earlier era, I track how these primary agricultural cooperatives are now being reorganized into real estate companies, sometimes with former sugarcane growers as company shareholders. The same caste‐based political and social capital that made sugar cooperatives possible in a capitalist agrarian society is now being leveraged by agrarian elites to ease their own and their constituents’ entry into an urbanizing economy. The concept of recombinant urbanization opens new methodological entryways to analyze the entangled agrarian and urban question in predominantly agrarian and late liberalizing societies.     

上市公司资本结构质量评价实证分析——基于房地产类上市公司的实践

由于我国资本市场发展较晚,企业的资本结构研究处于起步阶段,尤其对房地产上市公司资本结构的质量研究不够深入。本文利用房地产上市公司的财务数据,从多角度对房地产上市公司的资本结构质量进行分析和比较,结果发现目前房地产上市公司资本结构不合理,财务杠杆比较高。     

Urban Fortunes and Skeleton Cityscapes: Real Estate and Late Urbanization in Kigali and Addis Ababa

In many parts of Africa, societies that remain primarily rural are experiencing accelerated urban growth and highly visible booms in property development. In the absence of significant industrialization, investment is pouring directly into what Lefebvre and Harvey characterized as the ‘secondary circuit’ of capital. Debates about the drivers of investment in real estate are longstanding in relation to the global North, but have given little consideration to low‐income and late‐urbanizing countries in Africa. Yet such contexts offer important opportunities to reflect on existing theory. Focusing on Kigali and Addis Ababa (both transformed virtually beyond recognition over the past two decades), this article explores the drivers and consequences of investment in urban real estate in countries striving to structurally transform their economies. It argues that a range of formal and informal incentives and constraints have led to high‐end real estate being viewed as the ‘safest bet’ for those with resources to invest, even where demand is limited and governments are promoting other kinds of investment. While some people are reaping urban fortunes in largely untaxed rents, much of the construction is purely speculative, creating landscapes of unused and underused high‐end properties in contexts where investment is desperately needed elsewhere.     

浅述房地产开发流程管理

随着房地产行业暴利时代的过去，许多大型房地产公司加强开发项目的内部管理，向管理要效益。本文以某大型房地产公司的管理流程为例，阐述了如何更好地对房地产开发流程进行管理。     

Diversification by Urbanization: Tracing the Property‐Finance Nexus in Dubai and the Gulf

This article explores the role of liberalized real estate markets in shaping financial‐sector development in the Arab Gulf region. Since 2001, record oil revenues and the inflow of repatriated wealth into the region have generated immense demand for new, productive destinations for surplus capital. Gulf Cooperation Council states have subsequently undergone rapid growth that is intimately tied to the regulatory transformation of urban real estate markets and the circulation of surplus capital from oil rents to the ‘secondary circuit’ of the built environment. With an emphasis on the city of Dubai, we employ the notion of diversification by urbanization to trace the re‐regulation of real estate markets and highlight how these strategies have subsequently shaped Gulf financial markets. Through an examination of the impacts of real estate mega‐project development on local banking credit, equities and Islamic financial markets, we reframe recent urbanization in the region as a process of financial re‐engineering, and identify the emergence of capital groups whose accumulation activities are tightly connected to both the real estate and financial circuit.     

The distribution of real estate value changes: Metropolitan Boston, 1870–1970

This paper presents estimates of land value change and other measures of real estate value change for the Boston area's 78 towns and cities over the past 100 years. A flattening of the real estate value gradient over time is demonstrated. Given the pattern of land ownership in the Boston area, a higher rate of value increases at greater distances from the center is shown to imply a regressive distribution of capital gains with respect to wealth among the homeowner population. Returns to homeowning are compared with returns to alternative business assets indicating some possible factors in the persistence of wealth inequality.     

Cities in Contemporary Capitalism

This article outlines essential concepts of the political economy approach of urban research and offers critical modifications and clarifications to some of its contentions concerning the functioning of cities as ‘strategic places’ of capital accumulation. The interrelations between contemporary capitalism and urban economic development are discussed at the scale of a transnationally extended urban system. Based on the general context of the global economic downturn, I focus on the role of cities in distinct circuits of capital, the switching of capital flows within the urban system and the different functional roles of cities within the world city network that interconnects cities both in the global North and South. I call into question the established focus of urban economic research on the role of cities as financial and service centres, arguing that cities might redirect their economic development trajectories towards ‘real economy’ activities, in contrast to relying on the disastrous development model of finance‐dominated capitalism.     

Financing China's Suburbanization: Capital Accumulation through Suburban Land Development in Hangzhou

China's rapid urbanization has resulted in substantial suburbanization over recent decades. However, limited research has been conducted into how land‐based capital is mobilized, accumulated and circulated within the circuits of the capital accumulation process, or how land‐based capital is used to finance massive investment in suburbanization by China's local governments, especially since the trend in land commodification during the 2000s. We examined the capital switching experience in the city of Hangzhou and our findings indicate that local governments have attempted to simultaneously strengthen housing development and industrial growth. In contrast to experiences of suburbanization in Western countries, a real estate boom during the early days of suburbanization in Hangzhou was not necessarily the result of diversion of excess capital from over‐accumulated investments in the manufacturing industry. Rather, it was a consequence of capital accumulation facilitated by land‐reserve systems and land‐based financing of infrastructure orchestrated by local government. Local governments and their affiliated land‐reserve centers and local investment platforms have acted as entrepreneurs by using profits from suburban property development to subsidize industrial investments and fund the infrastructure‐supported expansion of outer suburbs. These findings highlight the potential risks of land‐centered accumulation and provide important reflections upon the theory of David Harvey in the context of urban China.     

我国房地产上市公司X效率测算与统计分析——基于随机前沿方法

为了解我国房地产企业的技术和内部管理等X效率水平,选取38家房地产上市公司为样本,采用随机前沿方法,结合房地产企业及产品特点最选取指标、设定变量和收集数据,测算并统计分析2005—2011年样本公司的x效率。结果显示（1）2005-2011年我国房地产上市公司X效率均值在0．75左右,各年波动较小,各公司间差异较小且呈降低趋势;（2）不同资产规模的房地产上市公司X效率有明显差异,国有控股房地产上市公司的x效率总体高于民营控股公司,业务布局于10城市以下的房地产上市公司X效率总体高于布局于10城市及以上的公司。     

基于价值链的桂林房地产企业战略分析

桂林是中国著名旅游城市之一,城市环境的改善派生了大量的购房需求。由于桂林城区的房价在全国房价水平中处于中低位,因此其房地产产品具有良好的增值预期,吸引了大量资本进入桂林的房地产市场,使当地房价持续保持稳步上升的趋势。文章结合房地产开发价值链的特点,探讨桂林房地产企业的发展机理、发展策略。     

Conflict and Commensuration: Contested Market Making in India's Private Real Estate Development Sector

Newly constructed high‐rise housing and malls, soaring land prices and violent confrontations over land testify to the massive urban transformations underway in India today. Having secured an expanded role in urban development from the state, the private sector helps to shape urban restructuring; however, few scholars have studied private real estate development in India or revealed the factions that underlie an analytically unitary ‘private sector’. This article sheds light on private sector real estate industry members' efforts to develop an internationally familiar real estate market in India. Foreign investors and consultants have been collaborating with Indian real estate developers, who are now active intermediaries in the flow of capital into India. Drawing on participant observation and data from interviews, this article finds, however, that foreign financiers and Indian developers struggle to form partnerships on account of differences on issues like land valuation. The outcome of such conflicts will define the contours of Indian real estate development and its integration with international markets in the future.     

我国主要城市房地产发展潜力评价

综合考虑宏观经济、人口、房地产市场等相关因素,利用因子分析法,评价分析主要城市群内187个地级以上城市的房地产发展潜力。结果表明,发展潜力前30名,以直辖市、中东部省会城市及沿海发达城市等一二线城市为主。三线城市中东营、淄博、日照、盘锦、扬州等城市,经济支撑强,房地产市场较为活跃,供给相对不足,房地产市场发展潜力相对较大。有些城市如营口、贵阳、铁岭、北海、邯郸、保定等,房地产供给严重过剩,经济支撑能力又较弱,房地产市场风险较大。中央政府不应再采取“一刀切”的房地产调控政策,应根据城市实际情况分类调控。     

我国商业地产开发策略分析

深入整理分析商业地产只售不租、租售结合、只租不售、地产金融四种开发模式,认为商业地产开发商应结合自身情况灵活选用四种不同开发模式;进一步阐释商业地产开发项目精准定位的内涵。并尝试运用零售饱和指数理论解决商业地产开发项目体量确定等问题。最后利用2012年我国35个大中城市商业地产相关数据,运用因子分析的方法聚合商业地产市场规模因子、城市宏观经济因子、市场吸纳因子、市场增长因子这四个因子,并计算出35个大中城市商业地产开发潜力得分,在此基础上,建议开发商开发时注意各城市之间商业地产开发环境与开发潜力的差异。     

房地产项目建安工程招标阶段成本控制分析

成本控制在房地产开发企业管理中具有重要工作。为使企业在激烈市场竞争中占有绝对优势,保证企业健康稳定发展必须重视成本控制。文章针对北京市朝阳区某住宅小区一期开发项目工程来分析在招投标阶段对成本控制。实现房地产开发企业招投标阶段成本管理动态控制,为广大工作者提供一定参考意见。     

房地产交易权籍一体化管理研究

房地产交易权籍登记是房地产管理的重要组成部分,文章回顾了我国城市房地产交易权籍一体化的发展过程,指出存在问题。文章认为房地产交易权籍一体化有两个本质的特征,一是保护公私财产权利的根本目的,二是基于信息化的政府流程再造。掌握这两个特征,有助于提高我国房地产管理的总体水平。     

房地产开发企业资金运行机理及风险控制研究

房地产开发企业作为市场主体,从事的是典型的资金密集型产业生产,因而存在具有高风险运行性质的企业资金链,同时作为典型项目型企业,通常还包括多条相对独立的项目资金链,是由相互作用来共同影响企业的运营和发展。本文对资金链的内在运行机理进行了剖析,对其运行风险及影响因素进行了分析并提出了相应的防控措施,以期为房地产企业资金链的安全和稳健运行提供参考。     

How Subordinate Financialization Shapes Urban Development: The Rise and Fall of Warsaw's Służewiec Business District

This article studies the development of Warsaw's S?u?ewiec neighbourhood, Poland's largest business district, as a case of real estate financialization. We argue that the neighbourhood's chaotic ‘de‐contextualized’ growth was shaped by Poland's semi‐peripheral position in the global economy on the one hand—enabling a process of subordinate financialization—and legacies of state socialism on the other. In so doing, we mobilize research on peripheral financialization and global economic hierarchies, and studies of post‐socialism to enhance debates about real estate financialization. Commercial real estate—and office development in particular—is a crucial domain in which contemporary core–periphery structures are produced and negotiated. A key function of subordinate financialization is to absorb globally mobile capital—the product of financialization in the core. The case of S?u?ewiec shows that only by considering the interplay of global hierarchies (Poland's position as capital absorbent), local dynamics (fragmented urban development, which was characterized by competition among these unequal municipalities, with local growth coalitions in some municipalities, but not in others) and specific historical legacies (Warsaw's socialist‐time functional organization and its transformation, which weakened the city) can we fully understand the specific dynamics that shape real estate financialization in different places.     

Designing and implementing a real estate appraisal system: The case of Québec Province,Canada

Real estate appraisal is of great importance to several socio-economic stakeholders for different reasons and justifications: local governments and municipalities for taxation purposes; banks for mortgage and other credit applications processing; property valuation companies for marketing activities; and property developers and investors for sound investment decision-making. This paper summarizes the real estate appraisal system that has been developed for and with CUQ (Coomunaité urbaine de Québec), CUM (Communaité urbaine de Montréal), and Communaité urbaine de Gatineau (CUG) and implemented over the last twenty years in the Province of Québec. The salient features of the property appraisal system are: (1) property-specific individual appraisal using a new regression method called “analogical regression”, (2) mass-appraisal based on property-specific individual appraisals, and (3) the size of real estate coverage (over 1,050,000 properties) and the variety of real estate profiles considered (shopping centers, office buildings, residential properties, farms, industrial units, etc.).     

Generational Dimensions of Neoliberal and Post‐Fordist Restructuring: The Changing Characteristics of Young Adults and Growing Income Inequality in Montreal and Vancouver

There is growing concern over income inequality and its generational dimensions. Post‐Fordist and neoliberal restructuring have reshaped urban labour markets, resulting in growing inequalities that disproportionately afflict younger workers. This article empirically analyses the transition as experienced in Montreal and Vancouver, two Canadian cities that have undergone restructuring in different ways. The study of young adults' changing incomes reveals growing intra‐ and inter‐cohort inequality, and an increasing intergenerational income gap in both cities. Income inequality is greater in Vancouver, with its more pronounced post‐Fordist labour force composition and neoliberalized governance context. Known factors such as occupation and gender affect the earnings structure, but educational attainment has increased the most in terms of its effect on incomes. Inequalities among young adults are expected to magnify in the future due to unevenness in educational attainment. Urban research ought to pay close attention to the role of education in structuring inequalities, and the ways the impact of restructuring is unevenly distributed across generations.