Incentive Contracts,Market Risk,and Cost of Capital

Should incentive contracts expose the agent to market‐wide shocks? Counterintuitively, I show that market risk cannot be filtered out from the compensation and managed independently by the agent. Under plausible risk preferences, the principal should offer a contract in which performance pay increases following a favorable market shock. In the aggregate, however, the effect of market risk on individual contracts diversifies away and the agency problem does not directly affect the cost of capital. The analysis suggests caution in interpreting changes in cost of capital in terms of the stewardship role of accounting information.     

Private Predecision Information,Performance Measure Congruity,and the Value of Delegation*

We use a linear contracting framework to study how the relation between performance measures used in an agent's incentive contract and the agent's private predecision information affects the value of delegating decision rights to the agent. The analysis relies on the idea that available performance measures are often imperfect representations of the economic consequences of managerial actions and decisions, and this, along with gaming possibilities provided to the agent by access to private predecision information, may overwhelm any benefits associated with delegation. Our analytical framework allows us to derive intuitive conditions under which delegation does and does not have value, and to provide new insights into the linkage between imperfections in performance measurement and agency costs.     

日本政府投资、民间投资和产业资本收益之间关系的实证分析

本文基于日本的统计数据,利用VAR模型和格兰杰因果关系检验方法,研究政府部门投资、民间部门投资和全产业总资本收益率之间的相互作用。VAR模型分析表明,政府投资对民间投资的影响比较大,两者对全产业总资本收益率的影响都很大且政府投资的影响远远大于民间投资,这些影响关系都较复杂。格兰杰因果关系检验表明,政府投资变化是民间投资变化的格兰杰原因,两者分别是全产业总资本收益率变化的格兰杰原因,而这些变量之间不存在相反方向的格兰杰因果关系。     

市场化选择、动态信息披露与投资秩序

基于行政性投资形成的投资秩序,会导致投资主体与投资责任之间的错位,投资项目选择的非市场化和投资风险配置的失衡。改革中国行政性的投融资体制,需要让投资秩序的形成成为投资参与者自愿相互博弈的结果,投资规则的确定与投资项目的选择遵循市场化选择的原则:投资秩序的维持以会计信息为主体的信息披露为基础,对投资过程进行动态监管,对投资绩效进行最终评价。     

浅析企业自愿披露信息的动力系统

信息是决策的基础,如何引导企业对内部信息进行充分的、自愿的披露,是一个迫切需要解决的问题。本文在剖析了企业信息自愿披露的动力系统的基础上,提出了如何推进企业自愿披露的一些措施。     

投资者关系管理与权益资本成本的相关性分析——基于证券市场的数据

选取上海证券交易所与深圳证券交易所A股市场共903家上市公司作为研究样本,对投资者关系管理的四个构成要素与权益资本成本之间的相关关系进行了实证检验。回归结果表明:投资者关系管理的四个构成要素对权益资本成本作用的效果有大有小,自愿性信息披露和减少信息不对称的作用较大,提高公司可见度和吸引分析师跟随的作用较小,因此并不是所有的投资者关系管理活动都可以显著影响权益资本成本,但从总体上看,投资者关系管理是可以降低权益资本成本的。最后,提出了改善我国投资者关系管理现状的几点建议。     

政府信息公开保密审查制度的缺陷与完善

政府信息公开保密审查是保密审查一个重要领域,作为政府信息公开建设的核心制度,在工作中起到“缓冲剂”、“平衡阀”、“过滤器”作用。我国现行的法律规范提出建立政府信息公开保密审查的普遍性要求和一般性原则,但对于怎样建立此制度没有具体规定,客观上造成保密审查主体扩大、标准模糊、监督不力等问题。对此,文章提出进一步具体明确保密审查标准、严格限定保密审查主体、将保密审查与解密审查结合起来、建立健全保密审查的内部监督机制等建议。     

Corporate Disclosure of Environmental Liability Information: Theory and Evidence*

Abstract. The decision to disclose information concerning a firm's environmental liabilities is modeled as a sequential game involving the firm, a capital market, and outside stakeholders who can impose proprietary (political) costs on the firm. A partial disclosure equilibrium is derived in which firms reveal information strategically, maximizing the share-value net of expected political costs. Inherent uncertainty regarding the existence and size of the liabilities creates a setting where outsiders are uncertain if management is informed about these liabilities, so firms can plausibly withhold “bad news”, that is, they do not disclose liabilities that exceed a threshold level. Three novel hypotheses are that a firm is more likely to disclose as (1) its pollution propensity increases, (2) outsiders' knowledge of its environmental liabilities increases, and (3) the risk of incurring proprietary costs decreases. Empirical support is found for the hypotheses, based on the accounting disclosures made by sample firms selected from the records of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy. Improved accounting and auditing standards for environmental disclosure would build on at least three implications of the study:

• 1 To the extent that inherent uncertainty leaves managers with discretion as to what to disclose, the partial disclosure equilibrium result suggests that not all firms will comply with disclosure standards.
• 2 Publishing broad environmental performance indicators for companies in nonaccounting outlets would increase public awareness of a manager's private information endowment, making voluntary accounting disclosures of the liabilities more likely.
• 3 If a significant decline in stakeholder tolerance of pollution occurs, the expected proprietary costs of disclosing increase, and companies become less likely to disclose.

     

股权资本成本与高管薪酬激励--一个高管薪酬改革思路的理论性阐释

以会计绩效为基准的高管薪酬制度是当今的主流,广泛应用于国际企业界。然而越来越多的研究证据表明,高管薪酬与会计业绩之间的关系不足以成为建立高管薪酬制度的理论基础。唯有遵循股东至上原则的高管薪酬方案才能既满足管理层对于薪酬的预期,又有助于在可持续发展的前提下,实现股东财富最大化目标。股权资本成本是这种高管薪酬制度设计的基本因素与核心参数。     

信息披露是否有利于公共品的合作供给？

本文在标准线性公共品博弈的基础上引入了环境不确定性,对信息披露在公共品合作供给当中的作用进行了研究,以解决以往信息披露研究中信息反馈区分度不够的问题。实验的结果显示信息披露无法改进公共品的合作供给这一结论是较为稳健的。实验的结果还表明,人们对组织中其他成员合作行为的乐观性具有一定的现实基础,而对环境的乐观性则纯粹是一种盲目的乐观。     

企业社会责任信息披露国内外研究综述

从我国现状出发,引出企业社会责任信息披露的重要性。然后从企业社会责任思想的起源开始,对国内外关于企业社会责任信息披露的理论和实证研究进行归纳,旨在鼓励我国企业实践和发展企业社会责任,促进和谐社会的建设。     

私人资本主导生产和分配及其财产权问题研究

人的生存和发展被设定为资本收益最大化的条件,是私人资本主导社会生产和社会分配以及二者结合的最大特点,这样必然出现:(1)获得生存和发展保障的只是一个特定的群体;(2)获得的保障有限;(3)要以牺牲部分人生存和发展保障为代价;(4)要以牺牲当代人和未来人生存和发展条件为代价。私人资本占有社会生产成果需要设计特别的财产权。资产阶级经济学的产权理论把剥削和占有的行为掩藏起来,让资本可以通吃其他生产要素的分配权。以私人财产面目掩盖着的私人资本,由于其占有其他生产要素收益权的产权关系不合理地扩展了私人财产本身应有的产权关系,其收益权的保护需要根据实际情况来确定。长期以来,在不合理的经济学理论引导下,社会生产和社会分配以及二者的结合以资本收益最大化为原则,人类社会生产发展以保障人生存和发展为目的被以资本收益最大化为目的取代,社会生产发展的目的和手段出现了不应该出现的倒置。资本家阶级原本只应该为社会生产的发展服务,为保障人的生存和发展服务,而不是要社会生产的发展或人的生存和发展为他们获取资本收益最大化服务。事实上,如果我们始终把资本家阶级看成是与社会生产的发展不可分割的部分,他们就是与社会生产发展过程有机组合起来的一个优秀群体,就如同是在社会生产发展过程中不可或缺的劳动者一样,参与社会生产的目的都是为了保障人的生存和发展。这样的优秀群体中的每一个人,必然、也应该会是真正自由而全面发展的人。     

Fixed Cost Magnitude,Fixed Cost Reporting Format,and Competitive Pricing Decisions: Some Experimental Evidence*

Although neoclassical economic theory predicts that fixed cost magnitude and fixed cost reporting format will not influence short‐term pricing decisions, these factors systematically affected pricing decisions in a duopoly experiment. Increasing fixed cost magnitude (a pure sunk cost in this study) across experimental conditions caused participants to first lower, then raise, competitive prices. Consistent with the psychological phenomenon of loss aversion, this change in pricing behavior reduced the frequency of reported losses. This study further reveals that the accounting format for reporting fixed costs influenced pricing behavior. Specifically, participants receiving capacity costing feedback reports established increasingly lower selling prices relative to the prices established by participants receiving contribution margin feedback reports. Given that a very simple cosmetic reporting manipulation produced increasingly significant competitive pricing differences in a market setting, this study provides evidence that functional fixation is not necessarily eliminated by market forces.     

治理环境、终极控制人两权分离与股权融资成本

本文以2004—2006年非金融行业上市公司为样本,检验终极控制人现金流权、两权分离、治理环境和终极人性质对股权融资成本的影响,终极控制人的两权分离程度与股权融资成本之间的关系是否受治理环境的影响,以及上述治理环境与股权融资成本的直接和间接关系是否与终极控制人性质有关。研究发现,（1）两权分离与股权融资成本显著正相关,而现金流权与股权融资成本显著负相关。（2）治理环境本身与股权融资成本负相关,且治理环境的显著改善能弱化两权分离对股权融资成本的负面影响。（3）相对于非国有上市公司,国有公司的股权融资成本较低,且上市公司的国有性质在一定程度上能强化治理环境对股权融资成本的正面作用。     

制度环境、政治关联与资本结构调整--来自民营上市公司的经验证据

文章立足于我国特定的制度环境,在政治关联理论与资本结构理论相融合的理论分析框架下,从静态和动态两个维度探讨了政治关联会如何影响民营企业的资本结构及其动态调整速度,以及制度环境对此传导效应的影响。检验发现：政治关联有利于缓解融资约束,且此效应在货币政策趋紧阶段或市场化进程较慢的地区表现更突出。但政治关联对资本结构调整速度的影响具有两面性：一方面,政治关联带来的融资优势会减小资本结构的调整摩擦,进而加快其调整速度;但另一方面,政治关联后的预算软约束预期也可能导致企业优化资本结构的动力减弱,从而阻碍了资本结构的动态调整行为。该文对于透彻厘清政治关联的传导机理和影响效果具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。     

Human Capital and Hours Worked of Children in Cambodia: Empirical Evidence for Policy Implications*

This study uses data from the Cambodian Child Labor Survey 2001/02 (CCLS‐2001/02) to investigate the trade‐off between child labor and their human capital formation. It also investigates the determinants of child schooling and that of the income earned from child labor. This study finds that children's education is a significant determinant of their wage rate, which implicitly explains the logic behind the household's decision to allow a child to both work and study, and thus explains why parents keep investing in their children's education. We also find that non‐poor households and fathers’ and mothers’ education have statistically significant effects on child schooling. Finally, this study has found that if children's average working hours are below the threshold level of 22 h per week, then education is not affected. These research findings have policy implications for the human capital development of children, as well as for broader social policy in Cambodia.     

基于社会责任和合法性视角的民营企业文化建设

民营企业文化建设是管理理论界一直关注的问题,也是民营企业管理者不断探索的实践问题。本文分析了民营企业文化建设的现存问题,并基于企业社会责任理论和合法性理论,提出了指导性的政策建议。     

公开信息与国债市场价格的发现过程--基于中国的经验实证分析

本文运用事件研究法考察了我国交易所市场国债价格对CPI的反应。研究发现，只在交易所市场交易的债券对CPI存在提前反应，而跨市场国债则不存在这种情况。此外，无论是仅在交易所市场交易的债券，还是跨市场国债，对坏消息都存在反应过度的情形。我们认为，两个市场参与者的不同特性以及交易制度和交易方式方面的缺陷是决定两个市场不同价格行为的主要原因。     

游说竞争、信息披露与公共政策的走向

公共政策是调节各方面利益关系的产物,有组织的利益集团可以通过游说来影响公共政策,在政策制定过程中他们通过与某些决策的相关信息部门形成某种利益纽带。利益集团在相互竞争中形成某种制约性的力量,公共决策机制的设计就要充分利用利益集团之间的相互制衡,以达到公共权力分散和牵制的效果。     

人力资本与区域经济发展--广东陕西两省的生产函数比较分析

对陕西省和广东省1988～2001年度的生产函数回归分析得出:劳动力投入对广东省经济增长的贡献率要高于陕西省,而资本投入量的贡献率则要低于陕西.由此发现,广东省经济高速增长相对陕西这样的西部省份来说,它的优势仍然在于高产出人力资本的使用.西部地区只有大力发展教育事业,加快科技与高等教育改革的步伐,培养现代人观念,才能使人力资本含量提升,从而缩小与东部地区的差距.