非正规部门就业:效应与对策

我国当前和未来就业形势不容乐观,非正规部门就业不仅是缓解就业压力的有效途径之一,也能够促进社会经济持续稳定发展。针对非正规部门就业存在的问题,应采取鼓励非正规部门发展等措施促进非正部门就业。     

The participation of Russian households in the informal economy: Evidence from the VTsIOM data

This study presents the size and structure of secondary employment in Russia, analyses the determinants of Russian informal secondary employment, and discusses differences between job qualifications in a main job and those in a secondary job. We estimate that 27 percent of Russia’s GDP was produced in the informal economy during 1997–98 and informal secondary employment amounts to about 20 percent of value added produced in the informal economy. We found that the probability of holding an informal secondary job as opposed to a formal one is positively associated with higher wage rates and lower education. However, there is little evidence that low income is correlated with holding an informal secondary job. We also found evidence that an informal secondary job requires lower job qualifications as compared to a formal one. Again, low income is not significant in determining differences between job qualifications in a main job and those in a secondary job. JEL classification: J22, J24, O17, P20.     

非正规就业对服务业发展的影响分析--基于河北省2003-2012年的数据

中国目前正处在经济转型的关键期,近年来的快速城镇化和产业结构的深入调整使得就业压力日渐突出,非正规就业已经逐步成为城镇就业的重要趋势。文章基于河北省2003-2012年的相关数据,探讨分析了河北省非正规就业的发展规模、行业特征及其对服务业发展的影响。研究结果表明：非正规就业的规模近年来一直在不断增加;非正规就业目前主要集中在制造业和传统服务行业;服务业增加值和非正规就业规模之间显著相关;固定资产投资比重、经营业态的创新和改进可能对非正规就业集中的传统行业的劳动生产率提高有促进作用。     

Corporate Governance in Russia

This paper discusses a local, privately-run and federally-funded program for all individuals able to demonstrate their income is at, or below the poverty line. This free Certified Nursing Assistant training program enables successful participants to obtain appropriate employment in local hospitals. The program is complementary to job guarantee proposals promoted by a number of economists, and provides an example of how local job creation programs can incorporate job training to improve prospects for upward mobility.     

Political transition and bank performance: How important was the Arab Spring?

Using data for 2000–2012, the article utilizes the natural experiment of the Arab Spring to examine its impact on the risk and returns of MENA banks. The analysis indicates that the Arab Spring lowered bank profitability by roughly 0.2% and raised bank risk by 0.4% points. As well, the evidence appears to suggest that there were no differential effect of the political conflict on the performance and stability of Islamic banks.     

Evaluating the participation of an ethnic minority group in informal employment: a product of exit or exclusion?

This paper critically evaluates competing explanations for the participation of ethnic minority groups in informal employment. These interpret their participation either through a structuralist lens arising out of ‘exclusion’ from formal employment or through a neo-liberal and/or post-structuralist lens driven by voluntary ‘exit’ from formal institutions. To evaluate critically these competing explanations, this paper reports a survey of the experiences of Pakistani immigrants in informal employment in Sheffield, including fifty face-to-face interviews and two focus groups. The findings highlight informal employment amongst this Pakistani ethnic minority group is neither universally driven by exclusion nor exit. Instead, some participate mostly due to exclusion, others mostly for exit rationales and some for a combination of the two, with different mixtures across different groups and types of informal employment. The outcome is a call for greater appreciation of the multifarious character of undeclared work and a move beyond simplistic explanations and policy responses.     

新《劳动合同法》下企业人力资源管理理念的转变

新颁布的《劳动合同法》具有倾向雇员、鼓励稳定、强调集体协商、与国际惯例接轨等特点,给企业的人力资源管理提出了新的课题。企业惟有转变观念,树立劳动合同长期化、提高招聘谨慎性、企业承担举证责任、建立三方协商机制、运用柔性化管理方式保留雇员、人力资源外包等理念,才能从容应对潜在风险,在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。     

Do Parental Networks Pay Off? Linking Children's Labor‐Market Outcomes to Their Parents' Friends

In this paper, we examine whether children are better off if their parents have more elaborate social networks. Using data on high‐school friendships of parents, we analyze whether the number and characteristics of friends affect the labor‐market outcomes of children. While parental friendships formed in high school appear long lasting, we find no significant impact on their children's occupational choices and earnings prospects. These results do not change when we account for network endogeneity, network persistency, and network measurement error. Only when children enter the labor market do friends of parents have a marginally significant but small influence on their occupational choice.     

New forms of labour contract and labour flexibility in Russia

This paper assesses the claims that employment in the new Russian private sector relies heavily on informal and unregistered labour agreements and that the violation of existing labour law by new private employers is driven by their need for more flexible working arrangements.
The paper shows that these claims are unsupported on every count. The new private sector does not rely heavily on informal or illegal forms of employment and there is no evidence that it uses labour more flexibly, in any of the usual senses of the term, than the traditional sectors of the economy. The conclusion is that there is no economic justification for the systematic violation of the existing labour legislation. It is suggested, therefore, that enforcement of the existing law is a precondition for its effective reform in those areas in which it might be a barrier to restructuring.     

变革中的就业环境与中国大学生就业

本文总结了国内外有关大学生就业问题的研究文献 ,通过问卷调查、统计分析、深度访谈等研究方法 ,从就业制度的演变、大学生劳动力市场的供求变动、个人就业意愿和行为、用人单位对大学生就业的期望和国外有关大学生就业的政策和措施等方面 ,对我国当前大学生就业困难的问题进行了分析和探讨。文章认为 ,目前大学生就业确有困难的表现。不过 ,由于初次就业率统计指标设计的局限 ,客观上也夸大了这种困难的程度。文章对缓解劳动力市场上大学生就业困难 ,特别是降低结构性失业和摩擦性失业 ,提出了一些政策建议。     

Are costs really sticky? Evidence from publicly listed companies in the UAE

This article measures the degree of adjustment between operating revenues and costs for publicly listed companies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Traditional cost models assume that variable costs change proportionally in response to an upward or downward fluctuation in demand. However, in recent years, such an assumption has been questioned by a variety of papers from the economics and accounting fields. Typically, cost stickiness is defined as costs decreasing by less than 1% when sales decrease by 1%, while reacting closer to the proportion of change when sales increase. This study, unlike the vast majority of the literature, did not find cost stickiness in the UAE after using panel data regression analysis. The main explanation is that UAE has mostly expatriate labour force that does not have the typical benefits of employment protection legislation (EPL) available in other national jurisdictions. EPL is a main reason that costs adjustments during decreasing sales is curbed due to the associated costs of firing employees.     

Does political instability affect exchange rates in Arab Spring countries?

This article investigates the dynamic relationship between political instability and exchange rates in five Arab Spring countries over the period 1992Q1–2016Q4. We include macroeconomic fundamentals to identify the transmission channels through which political instability may affect exchange rates. Based on VAR and ARDL models, our results report that political instability is associated with a significant drop in the value of domestic currencies of these countries. Economic growth is found to be the key mechanism channel. We find also that the dependence between variables is more emphasized in the short run than in the long run.     

How does informal employment impact income inequality?

This study investigates how informal employment impacts total income inequality in urban China. Finite mixture methodology is employed to examine the segments that exist in the informal labour market, and the Theil index (T0) is used to break down total income inequality according to different subsamples. We found that the two-segment model (upper-tier and lower-tier) best describes the structure of the informal labour market in urban China and that the upper-tier segment contributes most to the total income inequality.     

试析我国大学生就业存在的问题与对策

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的确立和发展,教育教学改革和毕业生就业制度的改革也在加速推进.如何认清就业形势、转变就业观念、了解就业途径和方法,对大学生择业具有重要的现实意义.