私募股权投资与证券分析师新股关注

本文采用2009年至2011年新上市的281家创业板公司为研究样本,考察私募股权投资如何影响证券分析师对被投资企业上市的关注程度。结果发现私募股权投资支持的企业能够吸引到更多的证券分析师关注,并且证券分析师的预测也更加准确,这与私募股权投资的认证假说和市场能力假说相符。此外,相比非外资背景的私募股权投资,外资背景的私募股权投资支持的企业在上市时受到更多的证券分析师关注,并且分析师预测准度也更高。进一步研究发现,参与上市公司的私募股权投资机构越多,对该上市公司关注的证券分析师越多,但并未发现对分析师预测准度的显著影响。本文的研究不仅丰富了PE与证券分析师的文献,也为我国如何加强建设内资PE团队提供了重要的参考价值。     

金融创新、私有企业应计质量与非银行信贷融资

随着金融创新活动的不断推进,我国金融体系的非银行信贷增长迅速。本文选取2007年至2012年我国私有上市企业数据,研究金融管制和创新环境下私有企业非银行信贷融资与应计质量之间的关系。我们研究发现,应计质量影响到企业非银行信贷融资的获取,表现为应计质量越高的企业,越容易获取非银行信贷融资。但是,金融创新活动减弱了应计质量对非银行信贷融资的这一正向作用,即在金融创新激烈的年度区间,由于非银行金融机构间的竞争加剧,迫使他们在信贷发放中对应计质量的依赖作用减弱,这无疑增加了金融系统的信贷风险。本文的研究不仅拓展了应计质量能够缓解企业融资约束的理论成果,而且对创新环境下的金融监管具有重要的政策启示。     

Private Equity and Portfolio Companies: Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis

Critics of private equity have warned that the high leverage often used in PE‐backed companies could contribute to the fragility of the financial system during economic crises. The proliferation of poorly structured transactions during booms could increase the vulnerability of the economy to downturns. The alternative hypothesis is that PE, with its operating capabilities, expertise in financial restructuring, and massive capital raised but not invested (“dry powder”), could increase the resilience of PE‐backed companies. In their study of PE‐backed buyouts in the U.K.—which requires and thereby makes accessible more information about private companies than, say, in the U.S.—the authors report finding that, during the 2008 global financial crisis, PE‐backed companies decreased their overall investments significantly less than comparable, non‐PE firms. Moreover, such PE‐backed firms also experienced greater equity and debt inflows, higher asset growth, and increased market share. These effects were especially notable among smaller, riskier PE‐backed firms with less access to capital, and also for those firms backed by PE firms with more dry powder at the crisis onset. In a survey of the partners and staff of some 750 PE firms, the authors also present compelling evidence that PEs firms play active financial and operating roles in preserving or restoring the profitability and value of their portfolio companies.     

互联网金融监管的原则:探索新金融监管范式

近来我国互联网金融发展迅速,正日益成为正规金融体系的补充,也成为社会各界关注的热点。本文在分析互联网金融本质属性和发展规律的基础上,梳理和借鉴国际监管经验,提出了互联网金融监管的十二个原则,探索了有效的新金融监管范式。总的看来,对于互联网金融这样一类新出现的金融业态,金融监管应当体现开放性、包容性、适应性;坚持鼓励和规范并重、培育和防险并举,维护良好的竞争秩序、促进公平竞争;构建包括市场自律、司法干预和外部监管在内的三位一体安全网,维护金融体系稳健运行。     

Private Equity: Accomplishments and Challenges

The authors provide an overview of the main accomplishments of private equity since the emergence of leveraged buyouts in the 1980s, and of the challenges now facing the industry—challenges that have been encountered before during three major growth waves and two full boom‐and‐bust cycles. In so doing, the authors review a large and growing body of academic studies responding to questions like these:

• (1) How have PE buyout companies performed relative to their public counterparts? And to the extent there have been improvements in operating performance and productivity gains, how have such gains been achieved? What role have PE firms played in this process?
• (2) Especially in light of the large fees and profit shares paid to the PE firms, or GPs, and the significant “control” premiums over market paid to the selling companies, how have the returns to the LPs that provide the bulk of the funding for PE funds compared to the returns earned by the shareholders of comparable public companies?
• (3) Apart from the high fees earned by its GPs, why is PE so controversial? Beyond their effects on productivity and benefits for investors, what are the employment and other social effects of buyouts and PE?
• (4) What are the prospects for future PE returns to their LPs, especially in light of the volume of capital commitments and high purchase multiples that were being paid, at least until the onset of the COVID pandemic? And what role, if any, should PE activity be expected to play in the recovery from the pandemic?

     

私募股权基金文献综述

私募股权基金首先在美国,其次在欧洲大陆和英国,得到了充分的发展。因此对美国和欧洲大陆私募股权基金市场的研究给亚洲新兴经济体,尤其是中国PE产业的发展提供了参考依据。本文首先界定私募股权基金的定义,然后从影响私募股权基金发展的因素、委托人-代理人风险控制、退出模式这三个层面对国内外文献进行梳理,最后对该如何培养有利于私募股权基金发展的外部环境提出了几点建议。     

Private Equity Performance: Returns, Persistence, and Capital Flows

This paper investigates the performance and capital inflows of private equity partnerships. Average fund returns (net of fees) approximately equal the S&P 500 although substantial heterogeneity across funds exists. Returns persist strongly across subsequent funds of a partnership. Better performing partnerships are more likely to raise follow‐on funds and larger funds. This relationship is concave, so top performing partnerships grow proportionally less than average performers. At the industry level, market entry and fund performance are procyclical; however, established funds are less sensitive to cycles than new entrants. Several of these results differ markedly from those for mutual funds.     

Venture Capital and Private Equity: A Review and Synthesis

This paper reviews the existing literature on venture capital and private equity. The paper emphasises the importance of examining venture capital in the light of recent developments in corporate finance and its distinctiveness from other forms of finance. In order to understand current developments, the paper adopts a framework which combines industry/market and firm levels of analysis. Existing literature is reviewed using this framework. Industry level issues relate to rivalry between firms, the power of suppliers and customers, and the threats from new entrants and substitutes. Firm level issues concern deal generation, initial and second screening, valuation and due diligence, deal approval and structuring, post-contractual monitoring, investment realisation, and entrepreneurs' exit and recontracting with venture capitalists. This is followed by a review of the evidence on the performance of venture capital firms. The paper suggests potentially fruitful areas for further research including the extension of analysis to cover all stages of venture capital investment, examination of the inter-linkages between industry and firm level issues and between stages in the venture capital process, as well as further analysis of deal structuring issues and investment realisation and recontracting.     

Private Equity Syndication: Agency Costs, Reputation and Collaboration

Abstract:  Syndicates are a form of inter-firm alliance in which two or more private equity firms invest together in an investee firm and share a joint pay-off, and are an enduring feature of the leveraged buyout (LBO) and private equity industry. This study examines the relationship between syndication and agency costs at the investor-investee level, and the extent to which the reputation and the network position of the lead investor mediate this relationship. We examine this relationship using a sample of 1,122 buyout investments by 80 private equity companies in the UK between 1993 and 2006. Our findings show that where agency costs are highest, and hence ex-post monitoring by the lead investor is more important, syndication is less likely to occur. The negative relationship between agency costs and syndication, however, is alleviated by the reputation and network position of the lead investor firm.     

EQT: Private Equity with a Purpose

The primary factors driving the remarkable growth of private equity have been the industry's attractive and stable returns in combination with its active ownership model. Nevertheless, critics have been questioning whether the PE industry can maintain its historic returns, and challenging its fee and incentive structures as well as its notable lack of transparency and diversity. And the alleged systemic effects of the industry on social problems like income inequality and climate change have become large enough to create a perceived threat to PE's long‐term “license to operate.” In this article, the authors discuss the commitment of EQT, the publicly listed and Stockholm‐headquartered private markets firm (and eighth largest PE fundraiser in the world), to the “future‐proofing” of both its portfolio companies and the company itself. The company envisions itself as undertaking a “journey” toward sustainability and positive impact and, in so doing, furnishing a model that other PE firms might find useful in helping “future‐proof” the entire industry. As part of that commitment, EQT recently published a “Statement of Purpose” signed by its the board of directors that focuses a societal impact lens on its entire portfolio of companies and assets, reinforces its public commitments to diversity and other “clean and conscious” practices, and aims to leverage digital technologies to enhance financial returns and real‐world outcomes. Transparency and a mindset focused on achieving positive impact are the keys to PE's earning high and stable returns and to securing its long‐term license to operate.     

The Private Equity Market: An Overveiw

The private equity market is an important source of funds for start‐up firms, private middle‐market firms, firms in financial distress, and public firms seeking buyout financing. Over the past fifteen years it has been the fastest growing corporate finance market, by an order of magnitude over the public equity and public and private bond markets. Despite its dramatic growth and increased significance for corporate finance, the private equity market has received little attention. This study examines the economic foundations of the private equity market, analyzes its development and current role in corporate finance, and describes the market's institutional structure. It examines the reasons or the market's explosive growth over the past fifteen years and highlights the main characteristics of that growth. It provides data on returns to private equity investors and analyzes the major secular and cyclical influences on returns. It describes the important investors, intermediaries, issuers, and agents in the market and their interactions with each other. Drawing on data from trade journals, the study also estimates the market's size as of year‐end 1995.     

Private Equity: Boom and Bust?

The private equity or leveraged buyout (LBO) market in Europe and the U.S. has grown enormously over the last two decades, from $7.5 billion in 1991 to $500 billion in 2006. Much of the financing of recent transactions has come in the form of syndicated debt, which is dispersed after origination to many non‐bank financial institutions. This financing practice has two important possible consequences: First, bankers' incentives to engage in effective ex‐ante screening and ex‐post monitoring of deals have been weakened, which may have led to excessive lending while encouraging buyers to overpay. Consistent with this possibility, the authors provide new evidence that some recent transactions have occurred at very low EBITDA‐to‐capital ratios, financed with high levels of debt that recall those of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Second, there is a scarcity of information about the identity of the ultimate holders of the LBO debt; and as a consequence of the resulting uncertainty, a few defaults of major LBO deals could cause a drying up of new funding for financial institutions. The end result could be that the veil covering the repackaging of LBO debt converts a small shock to the LBO sector into a liquidity crisis for its financiers. Such liquidity problems could in turn affect not the financing and re‐financing of just LBO deals, but other as set classes as well, including lending by banks to public firms. The authors offer a number of suggestions for increasing the transparency of this market.     

新常态下产业投资基金存在的问题及对策

经济新常态下,我国经济基本面发生了历史性的实质变化,以消费、投资和出口三驾马车拉动GDP增长的经济发展模式已经成为过去式,如何调整产业结构、加快产业升级和转型成为当前实现我国经济增长的重中之重。产业投资基金能够促进社会资本推动基础产业发展,是发挥市场资源配置功能的有效途径。本文通过研究当前产业投资基金的发展现状,发现产业投资基金存在绩效评价制度不完整、法律制度和监督制度不完善、发展不平衡及与社会资本利益诉求相矛盾等问题,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

私募股权投资基金研究——基于券商角度

次贷危机的爆发,使得诸多国际私募股权基金纷纷转战中国,挖掘中国市场价值。当前,中国已经成为全球私募股权基金的投资中心之一。从我国私募股权基金市场的格局来看,目前已经形成了多种组织模式并存、参与者逐渐扩大化的态势。与传统的靠天吃饭的盈利模式不同,券商开展直投业务不仅有利于自身赢利空间的拓展,而且有利于发挥地域优势,针对中小企业的需求提供特色服务,其自身也具备一定的优势。本文沿袭这条思路,重点对我国券商参与直投业务的相关规定、券商开展直投业务的现状及其问题进行了讨论。     

股权结构、私人收益和社会收益的关系研究——来自中国证券市场的证据

由于体制和历史等原因，我国上市公司中，除了考虑管理层和股东之间的冲突外，更重要的是控制股东和中小股东之间的利益冲突。在这种情况下，最佳公司治理实践就与保护中小股东的利益紧密相联。     

以股权投资为核心的金融产业链发展研究

以股权投资为核心的金融产业链富含财富管理价值,符合银行业务综合化、国际化发展的方向,不仅有利于自身创新金融产品、丰富服务内涵,更能促进产业升级、扶持新兴产业发展。本文通过分析股权投资业务发展环境,提出以股权投资为核心的金融产业链发展模式,探索银行全面介入股权投资业务,实现多方共赢的基本思路和有效途径。     

天津滨海新区私募股权投资基金发展状况及对策

大力发展私募股权投资基金是滨海新区金融先行先试的重要内容。滨海新区应把握有限时机,转变传统的产业发展思维模式,一方面要继续做好基金项目的注册落户;另一方面也要依据自身特点,着重在其经营过程中的发展及退出阶段寻求突破,以巩固来之不易的先行优势,实现适应于滨海新区自身特点的产业与基金共赢的良性互动发展局面。     

贫困地区小型农村合作金融机构股权结构与法人治理研究

本文针对小型农村合作金融机构股权结构和法人治理运行机制改革未到位问题,在剖析贫困地区“小法人”基本特征、新一轮股权结构和法人治理改革成效、存在的问题及其成因的基础上,提出了完善贫困地区“小法人”股权结构和法人治理的思路和设想。     

Intergenerational Equity: Treatment of Infrastructure in New Zealand Local Government Financial Planning

This paper examines how local government authorities plan and financially provide for infrastructure while considering the needs of current and future communities. In New Zealand the Local Government Act 2002 provides a mandate for local authority planning through the requirement to publish Long Term Council Community Plans (LTCCPs). Our content analysis of the LTCCPs, annual plans and annual reports of five New Zealand local authorities reveals that these local authorities make conscious decisions about infrastructure that reflect concern for matters of intergenerational equity. They do so despite problems in relation to valuation, depreciation, deferred maintenance and financing of infrastructure assets.