反倾销、反补贴和保障措施——三大贸易救济措施比较分析

众所周知,虽然世贸组织极力倡导国际贸易自由化,并通过多边贸易谈判机制推进国际贸易自由化的进程,但世贸组织并不排斥一定程度和形式的贸易保护,尤其是当大量进口对进口国产生消极影响时,允许进口国采取一定的贸易救济措施来限制进口。近年来,随着我国出口的持续高速增长,越来越多的国家开始频繁对我国的出口实施限制措施,本文通过对反倾销、反补贴和保障措施三大贸易救济措施的比较分析,为我国企业的应对提供了参考意见。     

欧美对华实施贸易救济的思考

入世以来,美国和欧盟对华贸易快速增长,同时对我国产品的限制越来越苛刻,实施了反倾销调查、保障措施调查等贸易救济措施,对我国的对外贸易产生了很大的负面影响。本文在分析我国与美国和欧盟双边贸易及欧美对我国实施贸易救济措施的基础上,提出了我国反救济的策略。     

WTO框架下我国贸易救济体系的完善

WTO制定贸易救济规则的目的在于维护国际贸易公平和正常的国际竞争秩序。反倾销、反补贴和保障措施,这三大贸易救济措施是在国际贸易自由化的同时,各国用来保护自己的一个合法工具,它具有名义上的合法性。中国入世后过渡期的当务之急是要遵循和利用WTO规则来完善和加强我国的贸易救济体系以应对国外产品对我国企业和产品的竞争冲击。而当前中国的贸易救济制度还存在着一些不足与缺陷,所以要借鉴世贸组织的贸易救济规则主要是从法律体系、组织体系、信息咨询服务体系三方面来不断地加强和完善中国的贸易救济制度。     

世贸组织成立以来全球贸易救济措施的运用情况与启示

世贸组织并不是完全意义上的“自由贸易”的机构,它允许其成员在特定情况下征收较高关税或采取其它形式的保护措施,使成员进行开放、公平、无扭曲的竞争。由此可确定“入世”后的我国,应是市场开放和维护市场秩序并行不悖。本文在介绍和总结世贸组织成立以来全球贸易救济措施运用情况的基础上,指出我国在运用贸易救济措施保护国内产业时,应优先选择反倾销措施。     

我国贸易救济措施实施情况评估

为维护公平贸易环境,保护国内的产业安全,从上世纪90年代后期,中国开始运用反倾销等贸易救济措施,至今已进行了40余起贸易救济措施调查。近10年来,我国实施贸易救济措施取得了一些基本的经验,同时也存在一些问题。进一步完善我国贸易救济法律制度,正确有效地实施贸易救济措施,是我国今后一段时期经济和贸易发展的重要问题。     

厦门贸易救济法律事务中心成立

本刊讯厦门贸易救济法律事务中心于2003年9月10日第七届中国投资贸易洽谈会期间成立,它是由厦门市贸易发展局、厦门市司法局联合成立的松散型、专业法律服务机构。厦门贸易救济法律事务中心特聘厦门市部分社会执业律师和专家学者为企业和地方政府应对反倾销、反补贴、保障措施、特保调查、技术性贸易壁垒及重大贸易纠纷等案件提供法律事务服务,其具体职能为:1、为企业和政府提供有关反倾销、反补贴、保障措施、特保调查、技术性贸易壁垒的法律知识及世贸组织规则的咨询服务。2、为需要专案服务的企业推荐办理反倾销、反补贴、保障措施、特保调查、技术性贸易壁垒及重大贸易纠纷等案件的专业律师。3、接受政府和企业委托,办理有关反倾销、反补贴、保障措施、特保调查、技术性贸易壁垒及其它贸易投资壁垒的调查研究事宜。4、跟踪、研究美国、欧盟等国家和地区反倾销、反补贴、保障措施、特保调查、技术性贸易壁垒法律及其最新发展情况。5、举办研讨会、报告会,为企业提供应对反倾销、反补贴、保障措施和其他贸易壁垒对策的培训宣传服务。6、逐步建立分国别和地区的反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件知名律师数据库。7、培育进出口公平贸易律师队伍,积极拓展律师服务企业和政府新领域。中心...     

欧债危机下的中欧贸易摩擦新动向、趋势及应对北大核心CSSCI

一、欧债危机下中欧贸易摩擦的新动向 （一）欧债危机后的欧洲对华贸易救济案件 2010年以来欧盟共对我国发起25起贸易救济调查。其中2010年发起11起贸易救济调查,包括8起反倾销调查,2起反补贴调查,1起保障措施调查。2011年欧盟对我国产品发起8起反倾销调查。2012年上半年欧盟已对我国产品发起6起贸易救济调查,包括4起反倾销调查,2起反补贴调查。     

我国贸易救济实践的特点及未来走势

加入WTO以来,我国在复杂的国际贸易环境中充分利用贸易救济措施维护本国利益,在反倾销、反补贴、保障措施等方面不断取得突破。本文梳理了我国加入WTO以来贸易救济实践的特点,考察了我国贸易救济措施的实施效果,认为我国贸易救济案件(包括报复性贸易救济措施)将不断增加,贸易救济手段将呈常态化、复杂化和多样化发展,对国外企业的规避行为将日益重视。     

浅议贸易救济措施

随着我国对外贸易的快速发展和入世后过渡期的到来,我国开始进入贸易摩擦多发期。近年来,国外对我出口产品使用的贸易救济措施种类越来越多,文章从贸易救济措施的现状出发,对我国遭遇贸易救济措施的原因进行了剖析,并提出了应对策略。     

WTO规则下我国贸易政策变化的趋势及其影响

在世贸组织规则下,我国的贸易政策必然会呈现出自由化、市场化、透明度、公正性和统一性的特征。随着我国大部分产业三年保护期的结束,我国贸易政策已经在一定程度上显示出这样的特征。虽然这与社会主义市场经济的要求相一致,但却会使我国的贸易政策目标面临冲击。为了应对这种冲击,我国需要在符合世贸组织规则要求的前提下,通过调整贸易战略、采取有效措施,给我国的产业和市场提供必要的保护及救济。     

刍议国际贸易中的贸易报复

20世纪 90年代后,随着经济全球化的发展,国际贸易领域中的争端和冲突日益增多,许多国家为了维护自己的经济利益,开始越来越多地采取贸易报复。目前,贸易报复已成为制约国际贸易发展的重要障碍之一,而要减少各国之间的贸易报复,首先需要真正地认识贸易报复。     

国际贸易理论的演进逻辑:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果

国际贸易理论历经古典贸易理论、新古典贸易理论、新贸易理论、新兴古典贸易理论和新新贸易理论五个阶段,主要回答三个基本问题:贸易动因、贸易结构和贸易结果。依据不同的假设,贸易理论对影响贸易的边界条件的解释各不相同,对贸易动因解释也不相同;贸易结构从行业间贸易、行业内贸易发展为企业间贸易,国际贸易正在向全球化下的企业分工演变;贸易结果是国际贸易得以持续展开的效果,生产力提升是最终的结果。基于三个基本问题,比较各种国际贸易理论,揭示各种国际贸易理论的局限性,并做出评价。     

贸易自由化与中性贸易体制

贸易体制中性化是贸易自由化的内在要求，但是，中性化并不等于自由化，贸易自由化必须包括贸易体制中性化和减少贸易干预两个方面。贸易自由化的实质是建立有效的市场经济机制，减少对贸易的行政干预是贸易自由化成功与否的关键所在。     

货物贸易、服务贸易与技术贸易发展趋向

通过对世界货物贸易、世界服务贸易和国际技术贸易这三者的发展状况进行对比分析,考察三者在贸易自由化方面的关系,认为技术贸易自由化的阻力是技术贸易、服务贸易和货物贸易中最小的,且发展最快;服务贸易自由化的阻力又小于货物贸易自由化的阻力,其发展速度快于货物贸易,并据此提出我国应采取的对策建议。     

ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement: Evaluating Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects

The present study attempts to provide insight into the trade creation and trade diversion effects of ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement in goods, which came into force in 2010. The paper applies a theoretically consistent gravity model and uses empirically robust procedures such as ordinary least squares and pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood in order to analyze the ex post effects of the agreement at an aggregate level. The results reveal that standard gravity variables are statistically significant and report expected signs, yet a reduction in export flows has been observed following the implementation of the free trade agreement, giving rise to pure trade diversion effects.     

Do Trade Agreements Increase Food Trade?

In addition to multilateral trade agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the world has seen a remarkable proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in the last two decades. This study investigates whether these multilateral and regional trade institutions increase food trade and bring the world into a freer flow of food. The gravity model of international trade is used for the empirical analysis. The model is developed in a large panel data setting and attempted to address some potential problems in the estimations including multilateral trade resistances, zero trade values and endogeneity. The results suggest that both the WTO and RTAs have delivered significant positive effects on trade among the participant countries, but not food. Only RTAs are found to have increased food trade among the participant countries. However, although on average the WTO is found to have negative implications on food trade, it facilitates the developing countries more than the developed countries.     

客户做什么生意，我们就做什么生意

要帮助客户做生意，自己应该成为一个合格的生意人，这样才能引起客户的共鸣和重视，赢得客户的尊重。[编者按]     

Do Trade Agreements Stimulate International Trade Differently? Evidence from 296 Trade Agreements

In a seminal article, Rose (2004) found that the assumed positive impact of the WTO on international trade was questionable. This finding has been scrutinised and modified in subsequent research, using different data sets, econometric methods and separating the WTO from other forms of trade agreements. A key characteristic of the subsequent literature is the rather simplistic way in which trade agreements are treated whereby all trade agreements are lumped together. Trade agreements come, however, in many different forms and shapes. This study addresses these differences in trade agreements. Using a unique database of 296 trade agreements, we distinguish 17 trade‐related policy domains and indicate whether the agreements contain legally enforceable commitments. This extensive and novel taxonomy of trade agreements enables us to allow for the possible heterogeneity of the impact of trade agreements on international trade. Using a gravity model, we find that trade agreement heterogeneity indeed matters for international trade and that countries experience significant trade increases due to comprehensive trade agreements even if not all participants are in the WTO.     

Growth and Trade vs. Trade and Growth

In the traditional trade literature, there is a well-developed area analyzing the effect of growth on trade and its reflection on income growth. This literature developed already in the 1950s and 1960s. Generally speaking, an interest in the effects of trade on growth has also existed for many years, where trade has often been viewed as an engine of growth. Cases in point are the "East Asian Tigers" and Japan which have especially benefited from outward-looking policies. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between economic growth and growth in income terms of trade, arguing that income terms of trade is a useful concept in analyses of the link between trade and growth. Our results suggest that fast-growing countries have either specialized in sectors with a relatively favorable development with regard to world market prices, or they have managed to successively improve quality within sectors, thereby avoiding falling terms of trade in spite of large increases in export volumes.