The creation and diffusion of international business research

“W(h)ither U.S. Hegemony in International Business Research?” by Grigorios Livanis and Michael Geringer, is an excellent effort to encompass the growth of international business (IB) scholarly research worldwide. This commentary examines the implicit assumptions and models of their analysis, showing that IB models are useful in explaining the scholarly growth of IB.     

Foreign market entry mode of service firms: The case of U.S. MBA programs

While international expansion has become an important strategic imperative on the part of knowledge intensive service firms such as U.S. business schools, little empirical support is available on how these business schools enter foreign markets. If U.S. based business education programs are expected to prosper in light of the potential onslaught of international competition, expansion to overseas markets will be one of the most sought after options available. A poor choice in market entry strategy, or the lack of international market entry, can result in a negative impact on the educational institution. This research focuses on developing, measuring, and empirically testing a framework of key factors influencing international market entry mode choice of U.S. business schools by using primary data from faculty and administrators of U.S. Master of Business Administration (MBA) schools.     

非常规油气资源开发对美国复兴制造业的影响

美国非常规油气资源大规模开采导致天然气价格大幅度下降,为企业创造了新的低成本竞争优势,为制造业复兴提供了动力。但是,能源密集型制造业的兴起不利于美国政府发展先进制造业的努力。美国非常规油气资源的大规模开发引发的制造业投资和产出增加将减少中国制成品的出口,也为中国转变出口方式、促进制造业转型升级提供了机遇。     

A Comparison of Communications Practices Among Indian and U.S. Scientists and Engineers

ABSTRACT

An investigation of communication practices among U.S. (n s= 90) and Indian (n = 71) engineers and scientists employed in the aerospace industry revealed statistically significant differences between the two cultures. The differences may be attributed to Hofstede's (1980) cultural dimensions of individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and power distance; Hofstede and Bond's (1988) Confucian dynamism; and Hall's (1976) cultural context. Implications for practice address strategies to accommodate foreign cultures and to develop complementary approaches using the strengths of both cultures. Areas for future research are offered.     

美国贸易政策的变迁对中美经贸关系的影响

美国新贸易政策的基本宗旨是公平贸易和出口扩张.中关经贸摩擦的实质是美国要迫使中国进一步开放市场.中美两国存在巨大的互补性和互利性,良好的经贸关系符合两国的根本利益,所以中关经贸关系将在摩擦和冲突中发展.     

Teaching International Business Concepts Through the Exchange of Cultural Metaphors

Abstract

The objectives of this paper are (1) to review the concept of cultural metaphors, (2) to propose a specific application of cultural metaphors in the teaching of international business concepts and (3) to report two situations in which this application was used. The paper concludes with recommendations for further development of this teaching methodology. The applications involved the exchange of metaphors between students at a French university and students at a university in the United States, in 2001 and 2004, which they had developed to describe their respective cultures. The courses were in the field of international business management.     

美日跨国公司全球R＆D网络比较及启示

在R&D全球化的背景下,以美日跨国公司全球R&D网络为研究对象,从国际R&D组织模式的选择、与海外学术机构的跨国界合作、全球人力资源战略三个方面进行比较和分析,揭示两国差异和原因,给出我国如何提高科技竞争力的启示。     

Non-Demographic versus Demographic Determinants of “Buy Domestic” Activities in Two Nations

Abstract

Multiple regression analysis of survey data from the U.S. and Portugal demonstrates that certain demographics make a moderate contribution to explaining Buy Domestic behavior. However, explanation of these reported purchase-related activities is greatly increased by adding constructs suggested by helping research, based on the premise that some purchasers buy domestic products to help domestic workers whose jobs are threatened by imported products. For both nations, the results show Buy Domestic activities increase with purchasers' older age, greater perceived empathy regarding threatened workers, and greater exposure to social norms that support helping. For the U.S. only, Buy Domestic purchase also increases with female gender and decreases with higher perceived costs of helping. For Portugal only, it increases with greater perceived ability to help the workers and stronger solidarity with the national in-group. These findings hold important implications for Buy Domestic marketers.     

Structural or Cultural: An Exploration into Influences on Consumers' Shopping Behavior of Country Specific Factors versus Retailing Formats

Abstract

This paper examines shoppers' behavior at regional shopping malls and neighborhood centers in two countries. Although some universal behavior patterns exist, shoppers' motivation, selection criteria and purchase behaviors were found to vary across cultures, and/or the type of shopping facilities. More importantly, the impact of the type of shopping facility on purchase and on shopping selection criteria, such as convenience, were found to be moderated by country factor, thus showing significant interactions of culture with types of shopping places.     

Co-Movements of Latin American Equity Markets Before and After September 11, 2001

ABSTRACT

Empirical studies show that correlation between national equity markets tends to increase and the benefits of global portfolio diversification tend to decrease after events of global importance. A sufficiently long time period has passed since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S. This time period provides a valuable opportunity to study if these events have changed the long-term co-movement patterns of international equity markets. We test this hypothesis using correlation analysis, principal components analysis and Granger causality statistical techniques by comparing the co-movement patterns of seven Latin American equity markets and the U.S. and Canadian equity markets during the five-year period before September 11 and during the five-year period afterward. Despite the findings of several previous studies on the world's other equity markets, our findings in this study indicate that correlation between the equity markets on the American continent decreased and the benefits of global portfolio diversification in the region increased after September 11, 2001.

RESUMEN. Los estudios empíricos muestran que la correlación entre los mercados de valores nacionales tiende a aumentar, mientras que las ventajas de la diversificación de la cartera global tienden a disminuir después de importantes eventos globales. Ya ha transcurrido suficiente tiempo desde el ataque terrorista del 11 de septiembre de 2001 en los Estados Unidos, Esto brinda una valiosa oportunidad para estudiar si estos eventos han cambiado los patrones de comovimiento a largo plazo de los mercados de valores nacionales. Ponemos a prueba esta hipótesis, los principales componentes del análisis, y las técnicas de la estadística causal comparadas por los patrones de comovimiento en los siete mercados de valores latinoamericanos, y los de los EE.UU y Canadá, durante el período quinquenal anterior al 11 de septiembre y durante el período quinquenal posterior a esa fecha. A pesar de los hallazgos que obtuvieron diversos estudios anteriores sobre los mercados de valores mundiales, nuestros hallazgos en este estudio indican que la correlación entre los mercados de valores en el continente americano ha bajado, y que los beneficios de la diversificación de la cartera global aumentaron en la región después del 11 de septiembre de 2001.

RESUMO. Estudos empíricos mostram que a correlação entre os mercados de ações nacionais tendem a aumentar e os benefícios da diversificação do portfólio global tendem a decrescer após acontecimentos de importância mundial. Um período bem longo transcorreu desde os ataques terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2001, nos Estados Unidos. Isto propicia uma oportunidade valiosa para analisar se estes acontecimentos mudaram os padrões de cointegração de longo prazo dos mercados de ações nacionais. Testamos esta hipótese através da análise de correlação, da análise dos componentes principais e das técnicas estatísticas de causalidade de Granger, comparando os padrões de cointegração de sete mercados de ações da América Latina e os mercados de ações americano e canadense, durante o período de cinco anos antes e depois do 11 de setembro. Apesar da descoberta de vários estudos anteriores sobre os demais mercados de ações do mundo, nossas descobertas neste trabalho indicam que a correlação entre os mercados de ações do continente americano decresceu e os benefícios de diversificação do portfólio mundial, na região, aumentaram, após o 11 de setembro de 2001.     

An Exploration of Ethical Decision-making Processes in the United States and Egypt

In this comparative survey of 191 Egyptian and 92 U.S. executives, we explore the relationship between national culture and ethical decision-making within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we examine how differences on two of Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, individualism/collectivism, and power distance, are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Egypt and the U.S. provide an interesting comparison because of the extreme differences in their economies and related business development. Our results indicate that respondents from the U.S, individualistic and low in power distance, were likely to view the decision making outcome in ethics scenarios as more unethical than the more collectivistic and high power distance Egyptians, when applying ethical criteria based on justice, utilitarianism, relativism, and (contrary to our predictions) egoism. However, we also found that both Egyptians and Americans rely on justice, utilitarianism, and relativism in predicting their intentions to behave ethically, and that Americans substitute egoism for justice, when the behavioral intentions of peers are examined.     

Interest rates and the recent weakness in M2: An extension to the P model of inflation

A model of changes in the deflator for nondurables and services consumption expenditures is estimated simultaneously with the error-correction model of M2 growth described in Koenig (1996). The inflation forecasts generated by the joint model have marginal predictive power for changes in the GDP deflator and exhibit none of the systematic bias which has plagued the original formulation in recent years. Output-market slack is of little use in predicting changes in the consumption deflator, but there is evidence of a speed effect.     

美国FDA食品安全现代化法案解读与评析

对美国2011年初出台的《FDA食品安全现代化法案》进行了解读和评析,介绍了该法案的修法背景、立法目的和适用范围,以及对现行食品安全法律《联邦食品药品化妆品法》的主要修改和新设立的法律制度与措施,分析了美国进口食品安全监管新举措对我国输美食品生产企业和相关行业的影响。建议密切跟踪FDA食品安全现代化法案的实施情况和配套法规的制定进程,深入研究并积极应对美国第三方审核认可制度,系统评估美国进口食品安全监管新举措对我国可能造成的影响,学习借鉴美国现代化食品的安全监管理念和科学的法律制度设计。