Accounting for unexpected capital gains on natural assets in Net National Product

Failure to separate unexpected capital gains and losses on natural assets from depletion breaks the link between Net National Product (NNP) and sustainability. For resource rich countries this can lead to large spurious fluctuations in NNP, making it virtually useless for policy purposes. In contrast, when depletion is measured correctly, the link between NNP and sustainability is restored and there is no reason to expect NNP to be any more volatile than GNP. Oil data for Great Britain and Indonesia are used to illustrate the very significant impact that the treatment of capital gains and depletion can have on NNP.First version received: February 2003/Final version received: September 2003The author would like to thank Jack Pezzey and two anonymous referees for helpful comments.     

Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environmental Accounting

In this paper, we develop atheoretically consistent framework to incorporate theenvironmental effects of agricultural production andthe depletion of natural capital caused byagricultural production into the existing incomeaccounts. We apply the framework and adjust theincome attributed to the agricultural sector andeconomy-wide net national product (NNP) for the UnitedStates. Estimated adjustments to the incomeattributed to agriculture are in the range of $4billion and have declined as a percentage of net farmincome since 1982.     

自然资本引领绿色基础设施可持续管理

自然资本是将人类赖以生存的自然环境资本化，以 资本的视角看待自然。绿色基础设施的物质客体作为自然资本 存量的组成部分，为人类社会提供了蕴含巨大价值的生态系统 服务。将自然资本与绿色基础设施紧密结合，有利于精准制定 政策以协调经济发展和自然管理的关系，实现国土空间内自然 资本增值。通过梳理30多年来自然资本理论的演变特征，认 为自然资本经历了“理论探索阶段”的道德合理化、“应用推 广阶段”的应用普及和规范化，以及“制度建设阶段”的制度 化变迁。在其影响下，绿色基础设施提升了生态内涵，创新了 评估方法，最终二者在制度上走向了融合，成为实现可持续发 展的重要途径。自然资本提供了甄别绿色基础设施生态价值的 路径，并将绿色基础设施作为一种锚定在国土空间上的生态资 产进行永续利用，这为中国生态资产价值的实现和提升提供了 空间规划途径和政策制定思路。     

事业单位基建会计应关注的问题

随着社会主义市场经济的不断发展,基本建设投资规模的不断扩大,使基建会计所处的客观经济环境发生了很大变化,对基建会计工作的要求也就越来越高。由于对相关制度的学习检查不够以及会计人员自身素质等原因,一些基本建设单位存在会计核算不规范以及监督不严等问题。     

National Income Accounting and Public Policy

Modern national income accounting was designed in the early 20th century for the purpose of providing improved indicators about the performance of the economy so that government policy makers could better control the economy. The way that performance is measured affects the types of policies used to try to accomplish policy goals. Two attributes of national income accounting are analyzed for their effects on economic policy. First, government production is included in the national income accounts at cost, rather than at market value as private sector output is measured. This biases policy toward a larger public sector. Second, output is measured as a homogeneous dollar amount. This biases policy toward focusing on increasing quantities of inputs and outputs in the production process, rather than on innovation and entrepreneurship, which are the true engines of economic progress. Economic policy could be improved by focusing less on national income as an indicator of policy, and more on the underlying processes that foster economic progress.     

浅谈人力资源会计

会计学正面临着一场深刻的革命——从物本主义转向人本主义的革命,由此人力资源会计便应运而生.我国建立人力资源会计是财务信息使用者的需要,是内部管理、国家宏观调控的需要.人力资源会计主要是成本会计、投资会计、权益会计的确认与计量.人力资源会计的核算与报告主要是对传统的资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表的改进.人力资源会计在我国企业管理中的应用将带来巨大的社会经济效益.     

强化国有资本会计监管的思考

以博弈论建立对国有资本会计监管的博弈模型,可以合理阐释国有资本会计监管中各方面的相互作用机理,运用该建模进行分析表明,强化国有资本会计监管应从四个方面着手：加大处罚力度,提高监管频次,完善监管制度;实行有效奖惩。     

Wealth,Natural Capital,and Sustainable Development: Contrasting Examples from Botswana and Namibia

Theoretical work has demonstrated that sustainable development requires non-declining per capita wealth, where wealth is defined to include produced, natural, human and social capital. Several studies have attempted to measure total national wealth or changes in wealth, but have been seriously hampered by a lack of data, especially for natural and human capital. To address this problem, the UN and other international statistical agencies developed a standardized framework for environmental accounts, the System of integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts (SEEA). Using the newly available asset accounts for natural capital, national wealth accounts are constructed and used to assess the contrasting development paths of Botswana and Namibia. Botswana, with an explicit policy of reinvestment of resource rents, has roughly tripled per capita wealth and national income over the past two decades. Namibia, with no explicit policy to use natural capita to build wealth, has seen per capita wealth and income decline.     

Natural resource accounting

There is as yet no consensus on the most appropriate way to incorporate the degradation of environmental capital into national income accounting procedure. Net product is currently derived by deducting from gross product the depreciation of man-made capital only. Deducting depreciation of natural capital in a similar manner will give a figure for true net product that provides a better indicator of that level of current income which is sustainable into the future. The user cost and net price methods of calculating the value of natural resource depreciation are analysed and assessed. On the basis of this assessment, the net price method is then used to adjust the national accounts of Zimbabwe for depletion of forests, soils and mineral resources, for the period 1980 to 1989. The results suggest that economic depreciation of natural resources represents approximately 2% of annual GDP, although this is regarded as a significant underestimate. The implications for integrating natural resource depletion into policy making, within the current national political climate, are then addressed.     

基于价值运动分析的人力资本核算研究

现代企业制度创新使得企业人力资本价值计量成为核算工作的一项重要而紧迫的任务.面对理论界对人力资本价值计量日益激烈的争议,该论文提出一种基于价值运动分析的人力资本存量及产出的非直接核算法.     

人力资本产权会计框架的一种设计

本文运用产权理论分析了人力资本产权会计的基本概念和理论框架以及目前人力资本产权会计存在的问题,提出了对人力资本产权会计改革的具体思路,以期对知识经济时代的人力资本产权会计发展有所参考。     

自然失业率的机理与实证分析——基于资本构成理论的研究

依据马克思主义的资本构成、资本积累和资本循环理论,设计模型对自然失业率直接测量,从分析可知,自然失业率取决于人均资本量、资本构成、平均工资等变量。对我国1991～2009年自然失业率的实证分析显示,我国自然失业率稳定上升。提出应通过深化经济结构调整、调节收入分配两极分化等措施降低自然失业率。     

股权结构、会计稳健性与资本投资效率研究综述

公司的股权结构引发利益相关者间的委托代理问题和信息不对称问题,从而导致公司的非效率投资行为,而会计稳健性作为一种协调公司契约各方利益冲突的机制,它能有效降低契约各方的代理成本,在中国资本市场中提高会计稳健性有其现实意义,并且应充分体现会计稳健性的治理价值。     

试论森林环境资源核算

环境资源核算是当前国际社会最关注的热门课题之一,作者指出了现行国民经济核算体系的缺陷,论述了世界环境资源核算的研究现状及发展前景,重点介绍了环境资源核算研究的指导思想、环境资源核算的新概念及其分类、价值和计算方法、环境产业问题等,并对我国开展森林环境资源核算研究提出了几点建议。     

自然资源资产价值核算理论与实践——基于马克思主义价值论的延伸

目前,国内尚未建立成熟统一的自然资源资产价值核算体系,更没有把自然资源资产的经济价值和生态价值进行统筹核算,其根源在于缺少自然资源资产价值核算的理论依据及指导标准。鉴于此,文章首先对自然资源资产的概念进行了辨析,在此基础上对自然资源资产价值进行了分类,并分别讨论了每类自然资源资产价值核算的理论依据。然后,给出了自然资源资产价值核算的思路和具体范围。最后,提出了自然资源资产价值统筹核算的路径和建议。通过研究得出自然资源资产价值核算要明确区分不同的自然资源资产价值类型,不同的自然资源资产价值类型对应不同的价值核算理论基础,其相应的核算内容、范围和方法也不相同。     

试论国民经济中人力资本价值的实现

文章认为,研究人力资本的作用发挥或者说价值实现,比研究人力资本的存量变化更有现实意义。首先分析了人力资本对经济发展正反两方面作用,然后探讨人力资本作用发挥的前提与基础,着重分析人力作用实现的三个主要途径,最后论述了人力资本的价值实现与市场的关系。     

基于自然资本的经济增长可持续条件研究

主流经济增长理论对经济增长可持续条件的研究普遍忽视了自然资源的贡献。随着自然资本的耗竭 ,经济增长的决定因素将由人造资本转向自然资本。技术进步必须从节约人造资本转向节约自然资本 ,只有技术进步能够充分提高自然资本的生产率 ,经济增长才会持续下去。当技术进步提高自然资本生产率的机会已经耗尽时 ,经济增长将停止 ,进入稳态。     

转型期中国民族资本效率研究

基于非参数方法双产出模型,本文在对转型期中国民族资本与FDI生产率比较的基础上,具体研究民族资本技术效率与资源配置效率.研究结果表明,民族资本效率优于FDI;民间资本比集体或国有资本更具效率.因此,转型期中央政府应考虑如何高效利用民族资本,尤其是要消除制约民间资本效率的体制性障碍,使民族资本更好地发挥促进中国经济持续高效增长的作用.     

从我国经济发展战略看西部自然资本评估

应用宏观经济学、微观经济学和环境经济学原理,同时考虑我国尤其是我国西部宗教文化盛行地区自然资本的特点,首先从我国经济发展战略的高度,将比较优势战略和我国自然资本的分布特点相结合,引证出西部自然资本发展和保护之间的矛盾。然后,在我国现在的产权制度无法按照科斯定理进行自然资本的市场配置情况下,得出自然资本评估理念的新见解。最后,指出在宗教盛行地区比如我国西部进行自然资产评估时,需注意以自然资本为载体的文化资本对社会福祉的贡献,从而更加真实地反映出对自然资本这种公共资本的需求。