农户社会资本与宅基地退出意愿——基于抗险能力的中介效应分析

[目的]将社会资本理论引入农户宅基地退出意愿问题研究,探究社会资本及各构成维度对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响和作用机制,以期为提升农户意愿提供参考。[方法]基于苏北地区沛县和丰县的共411份农户调研数据,构建农户社会资本测度指标体系,并运用Logit模型、中介效应模型实证研究了社会资本对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响及抗险能力的中介效应。[结果]（1）社会资本对农户的宅基地退出意愿具有显著的正向影响,社会资本越丰富的农户宅基地退出意愿越强;（2）各构成维度均显著影响农户宅基地退出意愿,且影响方向均为正,效用强度从大到小依次为社会规范（0.116）、社会网络（0.065）、社会参与（0.064）、社会信任（0.032）、社会声望（0.031）;(3)抗险能力在社会资本和各维度对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响过程中均具有中介效应,社会资本和各维度不仅可以直接影响农户的宅基地退出意愿,还可以通过抗险能力产生间接影响,但影响以直接效应为主。[结论]社会资本和抗险能力是影响农户宅基地退出意愿的重要因素,政府部门在宅基地退出工作推进中,应立足农户的社会属性,加大农户社会资本培育力度,完善风险分担机制,提高农户收入...     

风险承载力、政策规制对宅基地退出意愿的影响研究 ——基于拓展计划行为理论的分析框架

研究目的：基于拓展计划行为理论探究风险承载力与政策规制对宅基地退出意愿作用机理的区域差异，以期寻求差异化的宅基地退出方案。研究方法：结构方程模型。研究结果：（1）风险承载力对宅基地退出意愿的影响符合倒“U”型特征。（2）政策规制对宅基地退出意愿的影响存在异质性。引导性规范在政策规制对退出意愿激励时占主导，而模范性规范在政策规制对退出意愿约束时占主导。（3）宿迁风险承载力对宅基地退出意愿的影响路径包括直接正向影响和以行为态度、知觉行为控制为中介的间接正向影响，政策规制是退出意愿的负向指标。徐州风险承载力、政策规制均对退出意愿有正向影响。苏州风险承载力位于负反馈阶段，政策规制正向影响退出意愿。常州风险承载力对退出意愿负向影响，政策规制对退出意愿的影响路径包括直接负向影响和以行为态度、主观规范为中介的间接负向影响。研究结论：政府应制定差异化的宅基地退出程序，完善风险补偿机制，强化农户风险意识，充分考虑农户利益诉求，遵循间接引导性的行动逻辑，促进宅基地退出意愿向行为的转化。     

生计资本对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响 ——基于水平和结构的双重视角

研究目的：基于中国土地经济调查1 839份农户数据,从水平和结构的双重视角分析生计资本对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响,以期为制定差异性的宅基地退出政策提供科学依据。研究方法：熵值法和Logistic模型。研究结果：（1）农户宅基地退出意愿会受到生计资本水平与结构的双重影响;（2）在水平分析中,生计资本总量的提高会促进农户退出宅基地,分维水平的物质资本和社会资本会促进农户退出宅基地;（3）在结构分析中,人力资本占优、自然资本占优、物质资本占优和社会资本占优会促进农户退出宅基地;（4）相较于纯农户和非农户,生计资本对兼业农户宅基地退出意愿的影响更为显著。相较于较发达地区和次发达地区,生计资本对欠发达地区农户宅基地退出意愿的影响更为显著。研究结论：提升农户宅基地退出意愿可在充分考虑农户差异性和区域差异性的基础上,通过制定差异性的宅基地退出政策实现农户生计资本的合理配置,促进宅基地退出。     

认知偏差对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响——基于广东省880个样本农户的实证研究

研究目的：基于前景理论分析认知偏差对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响机理，利用广东省880份调查数据进行实证检验，以期引导农户自愿有偿退出，提升政策实施成效，推进宅基地制度改革。研究方法：问卷调查法、二元Logistic回归模型。研究结果：（1）信息认知偏差以1%的统计水平显著影响退出意愿，回归系数为-1.830，其中负面经验锚定和高价格锚定显著抑制农户退出意愿；（2）群体认知偏差以1%的统计水平显著影响退出意愿，回归系数为-1.336，农户正面从众程度越高，退出意愿越强；（3）功能认知偏差以1%的统计水平显著负向影响退出意愿，回归系数为-0.782，高程度的保障、经济、心理功能感知显著降低农户退出意愿。研究结论：由于存在锚定、从众、禀赋效应，农户在宅基地退出行为决策中易形成信息、群体、功能认知偏差，最终影响其退出意愿。据此，增强农户宅基地退出意愿重点要从削弱负面经验锚定的抑制作用、发挥正面从众心理的促进作用、减轻禀赋效应和高价格锚定的负面影响三方面着手，加强信息化的基层动员宣传力度，发挥正向化的群体规范引导效用，制定多元化的退出补偿标准体系。     

农地流转对农户宅基地有偿退出意愿影响机制研究——基于农户分化的中介效应及宅基地价值认知的调节效应

本文基于沈阳市383份农户调研数据,运用二元Logit模型、中介效应模型、调节效应模型,实证分析了农地流转对宅基地有偿退出意愿的作用机制,进一步揭示了农户分化和宅基地价值认知在两者间的中介及调节作用。研究发现,农地转入行为显著削弱了农户宅基地有偿退出意愿,而农地转出行为显著增强了农户宅基地有偿退出意愿;农户分化对农户宅基地有偿退出意愿起完全中介作用,农地转入行为通过农户分化削弱宅基地有偿退出意愿,中介效应为6.81%,农地转出行为通过农户分化增强宅基地有偿退出意愿,中介效应为7.33%;农户宅基地价值认知发挥部分调节作用,对于农地转入户,宅基地保障价值认知发挥了显著的负向调节作用,对于农地转出户,宅基地资产价值认知发挥了显著的正向调节作用。本文对于明确宅基地自愿有偿退出群体,针对农地流转行为不同的群体制定差异化的宅基地自愿有偿退出政策提供了有益的经验借鉴。     

不同区位村庄宅基地超占面积的农户退出意愿——基于江西省21县（市、区）131村的实证

研究目的：分析不同区位村庄宅基地超占面积的农户退出意愿及其影响因素，以期为因地制宜、分类推进农户宅基地超占面积退出的政策制定提供依据。研究方法：有序Probit模型。研究结果：（1）不同区位村庄宅基地超占情况呈现城郊型>一般型>边远型的规律。（2）宅基地超占面积的农户退出意愿强烈程度：一般型>城郊型>边远型。（3）不同区位村庄宅基地超占面积的农户退出意愿的影响因素存在一定差异。在城郊型村庄，宅基地价值构成较为丰富，但农户有更积极的村庄发展理念，能有效提高资源配置效率，有利于鼓励宅基地超占面积的退出；在一般型村庄，资源禀赋对宅基地超占面积的农户退出意愿影响显著，且农户村庄内外部资源禀赋对其呈现相反作用；在边远型村庄，农户有较强的“落叶归根”传统观念，重在宅基地居住和情感寄托价值上，不利于宅基地超占面积的退出。研究结论：因地制宜制定宅基地超占面积退出政策，需重点考虑宅基地价值构成的区域性，充分考虑不同区位村庄农户对宅基地价值需求的差异性。     

风险认知、社会信任与农户宅基地退出意愿基于江苏省扬州市418户农户调查的数据

目的 研究风险认知对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响,以及社会信任在两者中的调节作用,探究风险认知对农户宅基地退出意愿的作用机制,引导农户自愿有偿退出宅基地,提高农村土地资源利用效率,促进城乡融合发展具有重要现实意义。方法 文章基于江苏省扬州市418户农户调查数据,采用主成分分析测度风险认知和社会信任等变量,并运用Logit模型对提出的理论假说进行实证检验。结果 （1）实证结果表明,风险认知对农户宅基地退出意愿有负向影响,而社会信任则有正向影响。（2）具体来看,风险认知对高社会信任农户和低社会信任农户宅基地退出的意愿均有负向影响,社会信任能缓解风险认知对宅基地退出意愿的不利影响,人际信任和制度信任都有助于农户宅基地退出意愿的提升;区分在城镇有无住房农户进行异质性分析,也验证了上述研究结论。（3）控制变量中,户主年龄和房屋居住年限对农户宅基地退出意愿具有显著的正向影响,而家庭承包地面积和距离县城距离对农户宅基地退出意愿有显著的负向影响。结论 为进一步推动农户宅基地有序退出,应该完善农户宅基地退出后各项保障政策,改善和提升农户社会信任水平以及构建差别化宅基地退出机制和政策。     

家庭化迁移对农民工宅基地退出意愿的影响——基于城市融入的中介效应分析

研究目的：探究农民工家庭化迁移对宅基地退出意愿影响及城市融入的中介作用，为完善新型城镇化机制和深化宅基地制度改革提供参考。研究方法：基于新迁移经济学理论构建理论分析框架，利用珠三角6个核心地市的典型调研数据，采用有序Logit模型、中介效应模型实证研究假说。研究结果：（1）家庭化迁移显著提升农民工宅基地退出意愿；（2）城市融入4个维度中介效应显著，中介效应占比排序为：心理融入>经济融入>社会融入>居住融入，其中，居住融入最弱并呈现“遮掩效应”；（3）不同代际迁移阶段以及宅基地退出模式中，4个维度中介效应呈现次序分异。研究结论：从深化城乡联动改革、健全城市融入机制和公共服务体系、差别化宅基地退出政策等入手，完善新型城镇化机制与宅基地退出政策。     

感知价值、可行能力对农户宅基地退出意愿的影响及其代际差异

研究目的:检验感知价值、可行能力对农户宅基地退出意愿的主效应和调节效应及其代际差异。研究方法:渐进适应模型和计量分析法。研究结果:第一,感知价值对农户宅基地退出意愿产生显著影响:"利大于弊"的感知对农户退出意愿具有正向作用,而"弊大于利"的感知对农户具有负向作用;而且,"利大于弊"的感知对农民宅基地退出意愿的作用存在代际差异。第二,可行能力的提高对农户宅基地退出意愿具有正向影响,并且在感知价值和退出意愿之间起着调节作用,这种调节作用也存在代际差异。研究结论:提高农户对宅基地退出改革的认同感和感知价值、加强农民职业技能培训以提高其可行能力、适应人口结构变化和代际差异需求以实施差别化的农村宅基地退出政策安排。     

农户绿色生产“强意愿弱行为”的再审视：基于资源约束和社会规范视角——以个人规范为中介变量

目的 当前农村环境问题日益凸显,突破农户绿色生产“高意愿低行为”困境,对促进农村农业绿色发展具有重要意义。方法 文章利用甘肃省649户问卷调查数据,采用有序Logit回归模型,以及中介效应与调节效应检验方法,基于农户“经济人和社会人”的双重身份属性,探讨资源禀赋、社会规范对农户绿色生产意愿与行为悖离的影响。结果 （1）资源禀赋差异是导致农户意愿与行为不一致的根源问题,软化资源禀赋约束有利于实现农户绿色生产意愿向行为的转化,其中有机肥代替化肥补贴、水利设施完善程度、加入农村合作社、村民之间的信赖关系对抑制农户绿色生产意愿与行为悖离均存在显著作用。（2）个体特征中,户主年龄对农户绿色生产意愿向行为的转化存在负向的干扰作用。（3）社会规范、个人规范均对农户绿色生产意愿与行为悖离产生负向显著影响,而社会规范对农户绿色生产意愿与行为悖离的影响以直接效应为主,可通过个人规范间接负向作用于农户绿色生产意愿与行为悖离。（4）社会规范在经济资本、物质资本、社会资本与农户绿色生产意愿与行为悖离关系中具有正向调节作用。结论 为有效实现农户绿色生产意愿与行为的统一,在农业环境政策的制定中应强调不同农户之间的禀赋差异,同时要注重发挥社会规范作用,积极引导农户向绿色生产行为的转化。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.