东部地区全要素生产率测算与分析

基于2000～2019年东部11个省（市）面板数据,运用随机前沿分析模型对东部地区全要素生产率增长进行测算和分析,并采用固定效应面板回归模型对全要素生产率进行影响因素研究。研究结果表明：技术进步是东部地区全要素生产率增长的主要动力,且东部各个经济圈之间的全要素生产率具有空间差异性。提高基础设施水平和市场化水平有利于促进东部地区全要素生产率增长,城镇化水平和科研投入的提高会对全要素生产率起阻碍作用。     

近10年广西农业生产效率与全要素生产率时空演变与驱动因素分析

目的 在全球努力实现联合国可持续发展目标背景下,综合评价近10年广西农业生产效率、农业全要素生产率及其时空演化特征,解析其驱动因子,为提高广西农业生产效率提供支持,为广西可持续发展目标评价提供依据。方法 文章基于2008—2017年广西14个地级市农业生产投入与产出数据,运用数据包络分析（DEA）、Malmquist指数和Tobit模型,评价广西农业生产效率与农业全要素生产率及其时空演变特征,解析其驱动因素。结果 （1）近10年广西农业生产效率水平较低,研究期间总体表现为DEA无效且规模收益递减;空间差异大,各市农业生产效率呈现不同的时间变化特征,仅梧州市、北海市和钦州市一直处于农业生产效率DEA有效。（2）广西农业全要素生产率（TFP）呈波动增长态势,技术进步是农业全要素生产率增长的主要驱动力;桂东北（桂林市、梧州市、贵港市）、桂南（北海市、防城港市、钦州市）是广西农业全要素生产率较高的地区。（3）农业生产效率影响因素中,耕地有效灌溉率、农业科技是促进因素,与农业生产效率呈显著正相关;单位面积化肥施用强度、政府投入、单位耕地农机动力是限制因素,与农业生产效率呈显著负相关;技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率是农业全要素生产率提升的促进因素。结论 近10年,广西农业生产效率与全要素生产率整体较低,时空差异大;应增加农业科技投入,增强农业基础设施建设,提高规模化水平,以提升广西农业生产效率。     

中国粮食生产效率及影响因素分析*——基于DEA Tobit两步法研究

[目的]通过测算中国各省市粮食生产效率评价中国粮食生产综合绩效,并从支农政策、要素投入等维度考察其对中国粮食生产效率的影响。[方法]基于2004—2016年省域面板数据,采用MalmquistDEA模型对粮食生产效率进行测度和分解,并运用面板Tobit随机效应模型对粮食生产效率影响因素进行实证检验。[结果]研究期内粮食生产全要素生产率及其分解指标总体达到DEA有效,且具有明显的时空差异特征;粮食全要素生产率改进主要源于技术进步,而技术效率作用偏低,"单引擎"驱动特征明显;化肥、农用机械、灌溉及支农政策对粮食全要素生产率、技术进步、技术效率均具有正向促进作用,但化肥投入对技术效率作用不显著,各因素作用强度排序为"支农政策化肥农业机械灌溉",且这些影响同样具有区域差异。[结论]提升粮食全要素生产率时要注重农业技术更要逐步提升农业技术效率,通过改革财政支农政策体系和转变要素投入结构来提升中国粮食综合生产效率。     

新疆棉花全要素生产率测算研究——基于剔除目标价格补贴政策影响的三阶段DEA-Malmquist模型

文章以新疆28个县市为研究对象,运用三阶段DEA-Malmquist模型,测算并比较2015-2017年剔除目标价格补贴政策前后棉花全要素生产率,在此基础上分析南疆、北疆的区域差异。结果表明:(1)目标价格补贴对新疆棉花全要素生产率整体存在负向影响,目标价格政策对机械投入、物质投入的影响显著为负,对土地投入影响显著为正。(2)调整后的棉花全要素生产率呈增加的态势。(3)全要素生产率的增长主要来源于技术进步和规模效率递减。(4)南疆的全要素生产率高于北疆。(5)2015-2017年各县市全要素生产率差距不大,但变动较为明显。根据目标价格补贴金额过高、南北疆棉花产业发展不平衡等问题,提出推动棉花目标价格改革、加快土地流转、增加科技投入和政策向北疆倾斜等意见建议。     

标准地土地供应模式对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响效果及作用机制研究——基于PSM-DID的经验证据

研究目的：探究标准地土地供应模式对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响效果及作用机制，为推动经济高质量发展建言献策。研究方法：PSM-DID，中介效应模型。研究结果：（1）标准地土地供应模式的实施显著促进了城市绿色全要素生产率的提升。（2）从机制分析来看，工业结构优化和创新水平提升是标准地土地供应模式助力城市绿色全要素生产率提升的重要作用路径。相较于创新水平提升，工业结构优化在标准地土地出让模式影响城市绿色全要素生产率的过程中发挥着更加重要的中介作用。研究结论：地方政府应结合自身发展目标和现状，通过持续推行标准地土地供应模式，引导工业结构优化转型、鼓励内部技术创新和外部先进技术引进等措施促进城市绿色全要素生产率提升，助力经济高质量发展。     

农业产业集聚对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响——基于空间溢出效应视角

目的 农业产业集聚是农业绿色发展的重要影响因素之一,剖析农业产业集聚对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响,有助于实现农业绿色化和现代化发展。方法 文章基于1998—2018年中国省域农业发展数据,引入空间因素,通过构建空间杜宾模型分析农业产业集聚对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响及其空间溢出效应。结果 （1）在样本考察期内,中国农业产业集聚与农业绿色全要素生产率均存在明显的空间相关性;（2）农业产业集聚对农业绿色全要素生产率具有显著的负向影响,且该影响具有明显的空间溢出效应,在一定程度上制约了周边区域农业绿色全要素生产率的提升;（3）财政支农、工业化和自然灾害对农业绿色全要素生产率具有显著的负向影响,城市化、对外开放对农业绿色全要素生产率具有显著的正向影响。结论 应把握省域农业空间关联规律,推进区域农业绿色、协调发展,优化资源配置,科学布局农业产业,并从财政支持、城镇化、工业化、自然灾害和农业开放水平等方面推进农业绿色全要素生产率的提升。     

南方集体林区林业发展驱动机制及技术效率影响因素分析

解决林业效率低下等问题,亟须推动林业产业向全要素生产率支撑型模式转变。林业发展依靠投入要素驱动还是技术效率等其他因素驱动?文章基于随机前沿模型对南方集体林区林业全要素生产率进行测算分解,深入分析林业技术效率相关影响因素,通过索洛余值法测算了南方集体林区各因素对林业产业的贡献率,深入探索林业发展驱动机制。结果表明:(1)南方集体林区资本和劳动力产出弹性系数均值分别为0.187和-0.480,研究区间资本要素贡献不断减少,劳动力要素贡献相对低下;资本和劳动力贡献率从研究初期占主导地位到2019年均为负值,而索洛余值为0.395,林业发展逐步通过技术进步和技术效率驱动。(2)南方集体林区林业技术效率整体水平低下(0.544),技术效率增长率(6.60%)略高于全国水平(5.95%)。地区经济发展水平、劳动力转移、乡镇林业工作站向量对南方集体林区林业技术效率具有显著正向作用,产业结构调整和年降水量向量产生显著负向影响。(3)南方集体林区林业全要素生产率(1.644)高于全国水平(1.533),林业技术进步、技术效率对林业全要素生产率的影响,呈现东、中、西部区域差异。文章提出建议:调整林业投入导向型机制,加大技术投入,优化资源配置,改善林业技术效率,注重林业区域发展差异。     

中国大豆单产增长的原因探究——基于投入要素与生产率视角的考察

基于2004—2020年大豆主产区的面板数据，利用SFA方法和刀切平均法全面估算大豆种植的生产函数和全要素生产率，采用增长核算表核算大豆生产中各种要素投入及其全要素生产率的贡献率，进一步采用因素分析法探究影响大豆全要素生产率变化的因素。研究发现：在样本期间，大豆种植产出的年均增长速度为1.97%，各产区之间的增长率存在较大差异。生产要素投入是驱动大豆种植单位产出增长的主要因素，其中农药投入的贡献最大；全要素生产率是次要因素。随时间推移，要素投入方面，化肥和农药等化学物资投入对大豆单位产出增长的贡献减小，而良种和机械投入的贡献上升；全要素生产率方面，技术进步对单位产出增长的贡献有所扩大，但技术效率的贡献有所下降。此外，种植面积和有效灌溉面积对大豆全要素生产率有显著的正向影响，城镇化和自然灾害对全要素生产率有显著的负向影响。对此，文章提出优化大豆生产区布局、因地制宜扩大大豆种植面积、鼓励种植户购买优良品种、引进先进技术和生产设备、建立专项基金增加对优质大豆品种的研发投入、提高对豆农的科研指导力度等建议以促进大豆单产提升。     

湖北省耕地利用绿色转型与粮食全要素生产率的耦合协调及其驱动机制研究

研究目的：识别耕地利用绿色转型与粮食全要素生产率增长的耦合协调关系和驱动机制,探索未来湖北省耕地利用与粮食生产协调可持续发展的方向。研究方法：熵值法、Super-EBM模型、耦合协调度模型、时空地理加权回归模型。研究结果：（1）2000—2019年湖北省各县域耕地利用绿色转型与粮食全要素生产率整体趋于协调发展,但仍处于初级协调水平,未来有充足提升空间;（2）2000—2019年湖北省各县域耦合协调水平具有明显空间分化特征,主要呈现出中部＞东部＞西部的态势,但差距在不断缩小;（3）经济因素对耦合协调度为正向影响,自然因素在西部以负向影响为主,中部东部以正向影响为主,社会因素的影响作用发生了以负向影响为主到以正向影响为主的转变。研究结论：湖北省各县域耕地利用绿色转型与粮食全要素生产率耦合协调水平有较大的提升空间,未来发展要时刻把握经济、自然、社会因素对两个系统耦合协调的共同驱动。     

土地资源错配的全要素生产率损失效应与形成机制

研究目的：测度土地资源错配的全要素生产率损失效应,分析土地资源错配的形成机制。研究方法：扩展的HK模型、面板计量模型。研究结果：（1）全国层面上,资源错配的全要素生产率损失效应平均值为19.03%且呈上升趋势。区域层面上,损失效应大小排序为西部、东部、东北、中部。（2）全国层面上,资源错配导致全要素生产率损失的主要症结在于土地资源错配。区域层面上,东部、中部地区的主要症结在于土地资源错配,西部、东北地区的主要症结在于资本错配。（3）全国层面上,机制障碍、数量结构均为土地资源错配的重要成因。区域层面上,土地资源错配的成因具有一定差异。研究结论：着力推动财税与政绩考核制度改革,调整基于地区、城市双重偏向的土地供给政策,有利于从机制障碍、数量结构两个维度化解土地资源错配,促进全要素生产率的提升。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.