CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARDS LEVEL OF SOIL REMOVAL AND ENERGY USE IN THE LAUNDERING PROCESS

A series of fabric swatches depicting various levels of soil removal were presented to consumers, with one-half of the subjects being given energy requirements to obtain each level of soil removal. A whiteness index of 50 was found to be the minimum acceptable level of soil removal. Information on resources required to obtain the various levels of soil removal did not change the minimum level of acceptance. Attitudes of consumers concerning ecological issues, obtained from a questionnaire, did not correlate with consumers' acceptance scores. There was some indication from the questionnaire data that consumers might be willing to make some trade-offs for monetary savings in place of maximum levels of soil removal. The level of acceptance of soil removal was most closely related to attitude toward cleanliness and neatness.     

A REVIEW OF STRESSORS IN THE HOME

Stress can be defined as a dependent variable, an independent variable or as an interactive variable. The most workable definition is the latter, ‘the transactional model’. This describes stress as a ‘lack of fit’ between an organism and the environment in which an imbalance occurs at a cognitive level between perceived demand and perceived capability producing an unpleasant, emotional experience and a stress response. Stressors in the domestic environment may be noxious stimuli, social stressors, phenomenological stressors, or developmental stressors; all of which are discussed. In conclusion, the studies reviewed are suggested as failing to consider the large number of variables involved and in addition more work on the relationship between work stress and home life should be undertaken.     

MOULDS IN THE HOME

Mould growth in homes is one of Britain's biggest housing problems which is becoming even more widespread. Such growth is not only unsightly, smelly and presents a potential health hazard but leads to deterioration of the building fabric. Mould spore concentrations both indoors and outdoors are reviewed and the environmental conditions needed for germination are given. The critical factor to prevent mould is maintenance of a low relative humidity. This can be achieved by either lowering the moisture content or raising the temperature. Moisture removal at source, background heating, and heat pump dehumidifiers are recommended.     

THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF VISCOSITY OF CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE IN DIETETIC FOODS

The thickening effect of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) can be put to good use in dietetic food formulation. Therefore, the viscosity behaviour of CMC in suspensions was investigated. A reversible relationship was found between the dynamic viscosity values and concentrations of CMC. The gum has the ability to disperse in water at room temperature. It was also observed that viscosity of CMC depressed upon the addition of sodium benzoate or sweeteners such as sorbitol and saccharin to the system. Viscosity pattern of jam and jelly prepared by using CMC, pectin and gelatin were compared. CMC exerted higher viscosity in the mix. The concentration of 0.5–0.75% CMC was adequate to reach a suitable texture of the product.     

THE PLACE OF SENSORY EVALUATION STUDIES IN THE HOME ECONOMICS SYLLABUS

The application of the theory and practice of sensory evaluation of foods to the home economics syllabus is considered, with particular stress on the practical problems that must be recognized and considered. The relevance of such a component of the teaching course is discussed in terms of its value in stimulation of critical judgment, appreciation of scientific method and the acquisition of special skills.     

THERMAL COMFORT IN THE HOME

The thermal conditions required for comfort in the indoor environment have stimulated much research. Results of this research have both elucidated the physiological mechanisms which determine what conditions are comfortable as well as defining the combinations of physical variables which constitute these. This paper discusses these two aspects of thermal comfort in relation to the home environment     

HOT WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE HOME

A survey of 376 households was undertaken to determine how hot water was used in the domestic environment within the time brackets 7:00–12:00, 12:01–16:00 and 16:01–24:00. The results show that most hot water is used during the evening. This is mainly because bathing and washing up are more frequent per person at this time. Washing machine use was consistently more frequent during lunchtime. The results are laid out so that designers can use the data for prediction of water consumption.     

THE CLOTHING ATTITUDES AND ACTIVITIES OF HOME ECONOMISTS EMPLOYED IN BUSINESS

The Sproles Consumer Interest and Priorities questionnaire was administered to 3,036 American home economists, who were pursuing careers in business, in order to develop a profile of the clothing attitudes and activities of that segment of the consumer market who (1) have been enrolled in home economics programmes at the college level, and (2) have been employed in businesses created for profit or associations supported by profit-making companies. Sixty-four per cent (1,950) of the survey forms were returned. A majority of the respondents evidenced a consciousness of clothing styles worn by others, an understanding of the importance of fashionability within social situations, an awareness of personal clothing expenditures and an appreciation for the economic value of home sewing. Application of these principles, however, was individualized, as evidenced by contrasting methods of clothing acquisition, varied willingness to purchase clothing at sales or used clothing establishments, and diverse tendencies toward buying clothing on impulse. Only 22% of the sample perceived themselves to be fashion leaders.     

THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS IN LOGISTICS RESEARCH

This paper introduces and provides an overview of social network theory and social network analysis (SNA) and its potential applications to logistics and supply chain management research. It then provides an example of the use of SNA via the introduction of hypotheses related to informal and formal structure and influence within a social network. These hypotheses are tested within the context of the development and implementation of a complex reporting system that evolved as the result of warehousing safety and environmental concerns within an organization.     

THE TWO FACES OF HOME ECONOMICS

This paper examines the problem of establishing Home Economics degree courses which will enable graduates to fill posts of widely differing natures.     

SURVEYS OF STUDENT LIFE AND ATTITUDES: PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS FOR UNDERGRADUATE HOME ECONOMISTS

This paper describes the operation of a course in Social Research Methodology for undergraduate home economists. The advantages of a practically based course are stressed. Results from the students 'surveys on student life and attitudes are outlined and briefly discussed.     

SCIENCE AND HOME ECONOMICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Scientists played an important part in the formative years of the nineteenth century when Home Economics was evolving into a coherent discipline. The paper considers the lives and works of six scientists from both sides of the Atlantic: Count Rumford, J. C. Buckmaster, W. Mattieu Williams, E. L. Youmans, Ellen Richards and W. O. Atwater. One connecting theme is in the quality of their advocacy of scientific applications in everyday affairs.     

现实解读发展中国家利用WTO诉讼机制的困难

从实践角度来看,任何一个WTO成员,要通过WTO争端解决机制寻求法律救济,两方面因素是必备和必要的:第一,决定启动WTO争端解决程序;第二,有相应能力(人力/物力)来进行WTO争端解决程序.尽管对于发展中成员参与WTO争端解决的现状可以有不同理解,但不可否认,就发展中成员来说,他们在以上两方面存在现实困难.     

BIOLINGUALISM: A CASE STUDY OF LANGUAGE USE IN THE LHASA OF TIBET

Bilingualism is one of the most salient features of language use in Tibet and, at first sight, Lhasa appears to be just one example of this practice. And most of people in Lhasa are able to speak Chinese and Tibetan,however, it also arouses problem with finding the balance of using the two languages, many people are more focusing on learning Chinese and they are paying little attention on Tibetan which would cause a problem of losing the language with its unique culture. So in this thesis, I am going to do a case study of language use in Lhasa, Tibet, and questions about how people cope with bilingualism arise. Answers to such questions can be found in the fact that people are able to create a bilingual state in a given area because everyone is bilingual. That is conclusion emerged from interviews conducted with 100 inhabitants of Lhasa city in Tibet, an area primarily inhabited by the Tibetan people. The linguistic situation in Lhasa provides a valuable case study of what can happen in the absence of a fully developed Lhasa and can contribute to broader discussions of language use in Tibet.     

FROM THE ECONOMIC WRITINGS OF ARISTOTLE TO HOME ECONOMICS IN THE GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC TODAY *

The paper is concerned with the contemporary development of the science of running a household which was called by the ancient Greeks ‘Oikonomiké’ up to the present time in the University of Justus Liebig at Giessen. After the second world war this university was the first in the German Federal Republic to start courses for home economics and dietetics. The paper is also concerned with different aspects of research in home economics.