不同模式下农村宅基地退出的农户选择偏好及其影响因素*——基于福建省晋江市的实证分析

［目的］为合理引导农户积极有序地退出农村宅基地,亟需开展不同模式下农村宅基地退出的农户选择偏好研究,准确把握不同类型农户的宅基地退出模式选择偏好及其影响因素,为研制出与不同类型农户相适应的宅基地退出管理策略提供参考。［方法］文章选取福建省晋江市作为典型案例研究区,采用问卷调查法和深度访谈法获取研究数据,基于多分类Logistic模型对不同模式下农村宅基地退出的农户选择偏好及其影响因素进行实证研究。［结果］农户选择货币补偿模式的正相关影响因素有家庭非农收入比重、宅基地与县镇距离和行为认知,负相关影响因素有年龄、受教育水平; 农户选择资产置换模式的正相关影响因素有家庭人口数和行为认知,负相关影响因素有宅基地与县镇距离; 农户选择指标置换模式的正相关影响因素有年龄、受教育水平、宅基地面积,负相关影响因素有家庭非农收入比重和行为认知。郊区非农业型农户适用于货币补偿模式,城中村非农业型农户适用于资产置换模式,郊区农业型农户适用于指标置换模式。［结论］不同模式下农村宅基地退出的农户选择偏好具有较大的差异。因此,在宅基地退出模式实施过程中,应采取差别化的政策措施来推动农户积极参与农村宅基地退出。在货币补偿模式下,应确保农户在城镇的保障性住房; 在资产置换模式下,应保障农户转变户籍后的福利水平; 在指标置换模式下,应提升农户的非农就业能力,尊重农户的退出意愿与诉求。     

农户农田生态补偿方式选择偏好及其影响因素研究*——基于农户分化视角的实证

［目的］文章基于武汉市289户农户的实地调查数据,构建了农田生态补偿方式选择偏好影响因素的指标体系,从农户分化视角探索农户对农田生态补偿方式选择偏好的影响因素。［方法］采用灰色关联分析模型和多分类Logistic回归模型进行分析。［结果］（1）农户对农田生态补偿方式有着多样化的需求,绝大多数农户偏好现金补偿方式（8131%）,208%的农户希望提供实物补偿,588%的农户选择技术补偿,1073%的农户选择政策补偿。（2）农户分化特征变量与农户补偿方式选择偏好之间具有显著性的关联度。年结余、职业类别、人均年收入与农户补偿方式选择间存在强关联关系（R>75%）,性别、年龄、是否为党员、村干部、生活开支、食物开支、年纯收入、是否参加农村医疗、养老保险、非农收入比重、从亲戚朋友获得借款从银行获得贷款等农户分化特征变量与补偿方式选择偏好间也存在较强关联关系(50% R≤75%)。（3）农户分化特征变量对补偿方式选择的影响各不相同：相较于技术补偿,农户对现金补偿方式的选择受到性别、年龄、是否为党员或村干部、生活开支、食物开支、是否参加养老保险和医疗保险、人均年收入、获得朋友借款难易程度等分化特征变量的影响更为显著; 而农户的年龄、食物开支、是否参加养老和医疗保险这3项特征变量显著影响农户对实物补偿方式的选择; 农户的性别、否为党员或村干部、家庭年结余、人均年收入、获得银行贷款的难易程度影响对农户选择政策补偿方式的影响更为显著。［结论］基于农户分化特征,设计差别化的农田生态补偿方可提升农户农田保护的积极性,提升农田生态补偿项目的实施效率。     

交易成本对中国农户鲜茶叶交易中垂直协作模式选择意愿的影响——基于9省(区、市)29县1394户农户调查数据的分析

本文基于交易成本理论和中国茶叶优势产区9省(区、市)29县1394户农户的调查数据,采用有序Logistic模型,分析了不同生产规模的农户鲜茶叶交易中垂直协作模式选择意愿的影响因素。结果表明,降低交易成本和交易风险是农户选择垂直协作模式的主要原因,交易频率、信息搜寻成本、谈判成本和监督成本对不同生产规模的农户都有较强的约束。对交易商的选择余地等交易特征对小规模农户垂直协作模式选择意愿的影响明显大于对较大规模农户的影响。农户的生产特征、家庭特征和个人特征以及社会资本特征,对他们垂直协作模式选择意愿也有一定影响。特别是由生产规模过小引起的兼业化、副业化等因素在相当程度上抑制了农户选择紧密型垂直协作模式的意愿。     

产业组织模式对农户种植收入的影响——基于河北省、浙江省蔬菜种植户的实证分析

本文将中国蔬菜产业组织模式分成完全市场交易模式、部分横向合作模式、完全横向合作模式和纵向协作模式,基于河北、浙江2省13县(区)410户蔬菜种植户的调查数据,采用BFG两步法模型和倾向得分匹配法分别控制不可观测因素和可观测因素引起的选择性偏差后,分析了不同产业组织模式对农户蔬菜种植净收入的影响。结果表明:与完全市场交易模式相比,部分横向合作模式和完全横向合作模式能够显著增加蔬菜种植户的净收入;但纵向协作模式在促进农户增收方面没有显著优势。     

生猪价格波动、产业组织模式选择与农户养殖收入——基于江苏省生猪养殖户的实证分析

基于江苏省东海、射阳、滨海、泰兴四县的农户微观调查数据,将养殖户参与的生猪产业组织模式分为完全市场交易模式、横向一体化模式、订单养殖模式和纵向一体化模式。通过测度生猪价格波动和农户抵御市场风险能力,运用两阶段多元Logistic模型修正样本选择性偏误和内生性问题,实证分析了生猪市场价格波动对于农户的产业组织模式选择行为以及生猪养殖收入的影响。研究结果表明:价格波动是农户产业组织模式选择行为的重要影响因素,加入生猪产业组织虽然能够提高农户养殖收入,但市场价格波动幅度的增大会削弱产业组织模式带来的积极影响,使得农户加入产业组织模式的收入效应减弱,抵御市场风险能力较强的农户倾向于选择完全市场交易模式,倾向于不选择加入纵向一体化产业组织。     

基于HLM模型的城郊型村庄农户收入差异影响因素研究*——以大西安地区1 441户农户为例

［目的］从农户和村庄两个层面剖析农户收入差异的影响因素和形成机制,对促进农户增收和推动村庄全面发展具有重要意义。［方法］基于多层线性模型的原理和方法,以大西安地区城郊地带1 441户农户调研数据为基础,从农户和村庄两个层次对农户收入差异的影响因素及形成机制进行了实证分析。［结果］（1）农户和村庄对农户收入差异的解释程度分别为7989%和2011%,表明农户收入差异的影响因素具有明显的层级特征。（2）在农户层次,农户生计资本和生产经营结构各因子对农户收入具有不同的作用方向和作用强度,非农收入占比（0638）、务工人数占比（0433）、劳动力数量（0388）和种植结构（0333）等8个因子对收入具有正向作用,家庭劳动力负担系数（-0336）和土地经营规模平方（-0000 1）起负向作用。（3）在村庄层次,村庄的产业类型、区位条件和土地流转等对农户收入产生直接影响,诸多因子又通过影响农户层面变量的收入回报率对收入起间接调整作用。［结论］农户收入差异问题作用途径复杂,对于农户增收,应从农户及村庄环境等多个层面、多个角度入手共同解决。     

破解流转地保护困境：经营权稳定性对农户保护性 实践的影响研究

研究目的：探讨稳定经营权促进农户保护性实践的效应和路径，为破解“流转地保护困境”提供参考。研究方法：以南方稻区农户采纳绿肥稻作系统为耕地保护实践案例，从农地流转周期和流转合同类型两个维度建立经营权稳定性测度指标，估计稳定经营权对农户采纳行为的影响效应和机制。研究结果：（1）延长农地流转周期能有效促进农户采纳绿肥轮作系统，流转周期每增加1年，农户采纳概率提高3.3%；（2）与口头协议相比，书面合同对农户行为具有更大促进作用，若将口头协议转变为书面合同，农户采纳率将提高32.9%；（3）农地流转周期与流转合同类型在影响农户行为方面存在显著的正向交互作用；（4）经营权稳定性对不同特征农户的影响存在一定分化，其更有利于激励具备较高文化水平、拥有稻田作业机械和具有高认知能力的农户实施采纳行为；（5）延长农地流转周期和签订书面合同主要通过提升农户可持续收益期望来促进其采纳行为。研究结论：建议延长农地流转周期和签订正式书面合同以稳定流转地经营权，以宣传教育改变农户短视行为从而提升承租户可持续收益期望水平，同时还要注重不同特征群体行为响应的分化以探索差异化的流转地保护之策。     

不同流通模式的农产品交易效率分析

本文采用制度经济学中的交易费用对我国农户产品的主要三种流通模式:农户自发型流通模式、合作社为载体的流通模式、以合同为导向的纵向流通模式中的内生交易费用和外生交易费用进行详细分析后找出其影响交易效率的因素,并提出相关提升各流通模式交易效率的对策。     

清远市清新区柑橘产业垂直协作模式选择分析——基于柑橘种植户的视角

基于对清新区柑橘种植户的实地调查,对农户垂直协作模式选择及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明:柑橘种植户垂直协作模式选择单一,主要以松散的市场交易模式为主;由于缺乏成熟的外部条件,合作社模式和生产合同模式尚不多见;受到种植规模、文化程度、风险意识等因素的限制,多数农户还不具备参与紧密垂直协作模式的条件。由此提出,必须改变柑橘种植户的外部约束条件,扩大种植户的可选空间,提高种植户的联合意识,进而促进清新区柑橘产业化的进一步发展。     

产业组织模式对农户生产技术效率的影响——以河北省、浙江省蔬菜种植户为例

本文在厘清中国蔬菜产业组织模式现实情况的基础上,以河北省和浙江省13个县(区)410户农户的调研数据为例,通过随机前沿分析模型对农户的蔬菜生产技术效率及其影响因素进行定量分析,然后使用倾向得分匹配法处理选择性偏差的影响,基于此,分析产业组织模式对农户蔬菜生产技术效率的影响。实证结果表明,与完全市场交易模式相比,部分横向合作模式和完全横向合作模式能够显著提升农户的蔬菜生产技术效率,然而纵向协作模式在提升农户生产技术效率方面无明显优势。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.