Ambition, discrimination, and occupational attainment: a study of a British cohort

Examining British cohort data we find significant differencesin the occupational aspirations of boys and girls at age 16that appear to follow a traditional pattern. To isolate theeffect of gender hiring bias on occupational attainment a conditionalhiring model is estimated. This separates the occupational preferencesof workers to join a pool of job applicants from the hiringdecision of employers. Conditional on occupational preferences,we find, in general, no evidence of hiring bias against womenexcept in manual/craft occupations. Failure to control for differencesin career aspirations, in this study, produces an overestimateof the extent of occupational sex discrimination of around 60%.     

Age heaping and numeracy: looking behind the curtain

Age‐heaping‐based numeracy indicators have served as valuable tools to derive basic human capital estimates, especially for periods where other indicators are unavailable. However, the accuracy of individual age statements usually remains unknown, and due to the lack of precise information it can only be assumed that excessive occurrence of multiples of five in age distributions reflects inferior numerical skills. This article addresses this lacuna by identifying 162 individuals in two independent data sources: self‐reported age statements and independently kept records which are based on family heritage books and church registers. This method makes it possible to identify individual misreporting and the degree of accuracy of each individual. Findings show that not everyone who reported a multiple of five was reporting an incorrect age, nor was it the case that everyone who reported an age that was not a multiple of five was reporting an accurate age. The empirical analysis shows that the commonly used binary numeracy indicator is correlated with the observed degree of accuracy in age statements, and that a more sophisticated occupational background reduces this inaccuracy. These results tentatively suggest that the commonly used binary indicator measuring age heaping is a valuable proxy for numerical skills and occupational background in a population.     

Occupational status,earnings, and fertility expectations: Development and estimation of a causal model

Summary This paper tests, within the framework of LISREL, the causal structures of occupational status, earnings, and fertility expectations using data from the 1984 Canadian Fertility Survey of currently married and common-law women aged 18–44. Differential occupational status, earnings, and fertility among three groups of wives classified by generation of Canadian residence are also examined. The models incorporate age, education, work experience, and ethnic/English language ability as exogenous determinants of occupational status, earnings, and fertility.The major findings are: (1) lower earnings of third generation wives are strongly related to lower levels of education, work experience, and job status; (2) wives who speak an ethnic language are likely to have lower fertility than comparable wives who do not speak an ethnic language; and (3) generational effects on earnings and fertility are limited to differences in education, work experience, and occupational status.The author is grateful to Dr. Karol J. Krotki, co-director of the Canadian Fertility Study, for permission to analyze the Canadian Fertility Survey data. Special thanks are also due to Ms. Margaret King for her comments on an earlier draft of the paper.     

Income Distribution and Household Characteristics∗

The paper identifies the characteristics of Indonesian households ranked according to monthly household income. Characteristics examined include sector in which the household head derives most of his or her income, the age, sex, occupational and educational status of the household head and, in the case of agricultural households, land owned and occupied.     

Once were farmers: Occupation, social mobility, and mortality during industrialization in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec 1840–1971

We study men's adult mortality and longevity by socio-occupational status during industrialization in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec. Data were extracted from the BALSAC database (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi), which comprehensively traces the demographic history of the region since the beginning of the French Canadian settlement in 1840 up to the early 1970s. Using five occupational classes and controlling for year, age at marriage, urban/rural residence, and literacy, we found no evidence for the emergence of a socioeconomic gradient in mortality. At least until the early 1970s, mortality in the region is the lowest for farmers and appears to be driven by occupational risk rather than fundamental social causes.     

Occupations after WWII: The legacy of Rosie the Riveter

WWII mobilization led to a permanent increase in female employment. Using Census micro data we study the effects of this increase on the occupations women held after the war. Almost three decades after its end, WWII had lasting effects on the occupational landscape. For women of working age in the early 1940s, the war caused a permanent shift towards blue-collar occupations – particularly in manufacturing and service jobs – and a decline in employment in white-collar jobs. A reduction in educational attainment due to the draft, accumulation of occupation-specific experience and relatively high wages in blue-collar sectors can largely account for these patterns. WWII mobilization also influenced the occupational outcomes of the next generation of women who were too young to be working at the time of the war. This cohort shifted away from lower-skill jobs and towards clerical occupations.     

Measuring Lifetime Redistribution in Dutch Occupational Pensions

Summary  This paper assesses how the Dutch system of occupational pensions redistributes between and within generations. The approach in this paper deviates from the usual approach by incorporating the full life cycle in the measurements, rather than only the annual effects. In order to quantify redistribution, we use the level of educational attainment, gender and age to classify the pension fund population. For all groups distinguished, we measure in present value terms the average net benefit from participating in occupational pensions. The results indicate a sizable redistribution from males to females and from low educated to higher educated workers. On a lifetime basis, the impact of intergenerational transfers is modest. I am grateful to the two anonymous referees, Ed Westerhout, Casper van Ewijk, Lex Meijdam, Yvonne Adema and Peter Kooiman for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper, and to Andre Nibbelink for his valuable computational assistance.     

Do Mandatory Pensions decrease Household Savings? Evidence for the Netherlands

The Dutch mandatory pension system consists of two parts: a public pay-as-you-go part that provides a minimum income to all Dutch inhabitants over age 64 and an occupation-specific capital-funded part that provides supplementary retirement income. The goal of this paper is to test for the effect of mandatory pensions on discretionary household savings. The data are drawn from the CentER Savings Survey. A result of the empirical analysis is that the impact of the public part of the Dutch pension system is not well identified. The occupational pensions have a significant negative impact on savings motives with respect to old age. The evidence on the effect on household wealth is mixed.     

建立强制性企业年金制度探讨

目前在探讨中国企业年金制度的构架时,部分学者认为应发展为强制的企业年金计划,而更多的学者是将非强制性作为既定的前提。通过比较分析强制性与自愿性企业年金计划的利弊,探讨中国在强制性和自愿性企业年金制度的选择中需考虑的问题,可以认为在现有国情和制度框架内,自愿企业年金计划更为合理。但是,如果制度框架和国情发生了变化,是否仍实行自愿企业年金计划就值得重新探讨。     

Trends in Total and Subgroup Income Inequality in the Singaporean Workforce

This paper examines the trends in income inequality in Singapore using Labour Force Survey data from 1974 to 1998. Trends in inequality within and between age, educational and occupational groups are studied using the Theil inequality index. A new method based on the Gini coefficient is also utilized to explore the nature of inter-temporal variation in within-group inequality. Any increase within age-group inequality is due to changing income shares, while the decrease in educational-group inequality comes from decreases in within-group inequality. The contribution of intereducation inequality has also increased over the years, as has inter-occupational inequality.     

The Impact of an Increase in the Legal Retirement Age on the Effective Retirement Age

We analyze the impact of an increase in the legal retirement age on the effective retirement age in the Netherlands. We do this by means of a dynamic programming model for the retirement behavior of singles. The model is applied to new administrative data that contain very accurate and detailed information on individual incomes and occupational pension entitlements. Our model is able to capture the main patterns observed in the data. We observe that as individuals get older their labor supply declines considerably and this varies by age and gender. We simulate the current pension reform which aims at gradually increasing the legal retirement age from 65 to 67 and a hypothetical reform that immediately increases the retirement age to 67. The simulation results show a small impact on the effective retirement age for the first reform and a bigger impact for the second reform. Respectively, individuals postpone their retirement by \(<\) 1 month and 7 months on average; while differences across individuals mainly depend on their gender and health status.     

我国企业年金覆盖面扩展问题研究文献综述

文章对研究我国企业年金覆盖面扩展的文献从三个方面进行综述:基本养老保险(公共养老金)覆盖面扩展、企业年金覆盖面扩展影响因素、企业年金覆盖面扩展方式。我国企业年金计划是自愿性的。今后应该加快推进企业年金覆盖面扩展的进度,以适应我国多层次保障体系中的第二支柱的要求。     

企业年金的国际比较及我国企业年金制度改革的探析

我国的企业年金目前正处于起步阶段,还没有一套完善的企业年金制度。与企业年金发达国家相比,我国现行企业年金制度存在着明显的法律法规缺失、政府税收优惠不明显及基金投资渠道不合理的现象。借鉴国外经验,结合我国企业年金的现状和发展趋势,我国多层次养老保障体系中企业年金制度的设计应及时建立针对企业年金的法律法规体系;合理发挥政府的引导作用,强化对企业年金的监管和扶持;结合实际逐步拓宽我国企业年金基金的投资渠道。     

A View of the Occupational Structure in Imperial and Republican China (1640–1952)

Despite being considered a prime indicator of economic change, the occupational structure does not figure prominently in the debate regarding the economic development of early modern China. One reason is the virtual absence of occupational data before the start of the twentieth century. In this paper, we make a first attempt to sketch the occupational structure between ca. 1640 and 1952 using a variety of unique and rather fragmented occupational sources. We find that the share of persons working in agriculture remained stable until the mid-nineteenth century, with the share in industry showing some growth thereafter.     

浅谈会计职业道德建设

近年来由于社会经济发展迅速,不少人在物质财富中失去方向,贪污舞弊,使会计行业中"诚信"这个词越来越受到人们的质疑,会计人员的职业道德面临着严峻的考验。对于当今会计职业道德的严重丧失,我们必须从企业制度和内部控制,会计人员自身等各个方面加强会计职业道德的建设,尽快的使会计人员的会计职业道德问题走出尴尬的境地。     

西方工作压力研究概况

关于工作压力的研究,西方已经进行了几十年并取得不少成果.我国该领域的研究起步较晚,但也逐渐成为社会焦点.本文从工作压力的定义、工作压力源、工作压力的测量、工作压力的理论、工作压力的后果和工作压力的应对几个方面,来介绍西方工作压力研究的已有成果,以资我们的研究工作借鉴.     

知识员工组织承诺、职业承诺问题研究

随着组织内知识员工数量的不断增多,管理越发受到重视。本文针对知识员工的特点对其组织承诺、职业承诺的影响因素进行分析,论述了二者对知识员工工作满意度和工作努力度的影响。通过提高知识员工组织承诺和职业承诺的水平,提高工作满意度和努力度。并针对如何提高他们的工作承诺和职业承诺提出了几点建议。     

Occupational injuries as a problem of social and labor relations in Russia

This article discusses the dynamics of indicators of occupational injuries in Russia during a long period of time. A contradiction is revealed between the deterioration of working conditions and occupational safety and the reduction in the frequency of accidents at work. A comparison of injury rates, which have been recorded in the Russian Federation, with those in EU countries is conducted. Based on the ILO methodology for the estimation of the reliability of statistics of occupational injuries, the probable number of injured people involved in accidents at work in Russia is evaluated. The reasons for the poor registration of injuries in enterprises and the problems that exist in the field of occupational safety and health are also analyzed.     

The impact of changes in local labor market conditions on estimates of occupational segregation

Recent work by labor economists has suggested that differential labor market treatment of minorities (e.g., occupational segregation) may vary across local labor markets. This study assesses whether changing economic conditions in a local labor market affects the degree of occupational segregation by race and gender in the United States. Our empirical analysis finds evidence that the relative occupational structures of white women and black males are systematically related to changes in certain local labor market conditions.