对员工主观幸福感形成机制模型的系统分析

员工主观幸福感是当前人力资源管理领域的一个热门课题,它通过影响员工的满意度而影响组织绩效。文章通过构建员工主观幸福感的系统模型,分析了组织承诺、心理所有权、全面薪酬以及工作安全保障四因素与员工主观幸福感之间的关系,并指出了在具体实践中的难点和进一步研究的方向。     

Measurements and determinants of multifaceted poverty in South Africa

Poverty, despite being a multifaceted concept, is commonly measured in either absolute or relative monetary terms. However, it can also be measured subjectively, as people form perceptions on their relative income, welfare and life satisfaction. This is the first study that uses the National Income Dynamics Study data to analyse poverty across various objective and subjective methods. The paper finds that while respondents' poverty status varies across methods, blacks remain the racial group most likely to be defined as poor by at least one method. The multivariate analysis reveals that the impact of some explanatory variables, such as experience of negative events, frequency of crime victimisation, health status and importance of religious activities, is mixed across methods.     

The South African labour market, 1995–2015

This study investigates the changes in the South African labour market in the post-apartheid period. While unemployment increased over the 1995–2015 period, employment also increased. Nonetheless, the extent of employment increase is not rapid enough to absorb all net entrants into the labour force, resulting in increasing unemployment, or an employment absorption rate of 65.3%. Unemployment is concentrated in specific demographically and geographically defined groups, most notably Africans, the lowly educated and those aged below 30 years, residing in rural areas in Gauteng. Finally, four worrying findings are observed: youth jobseekers aged below 30 years struggle to find their first job; chronic unemployment is more serious for the relatively older jobseekers (aged 45 years or above) with past work experience; employees working for small, medium and micro enterprises still stagnate at approximately 3.5 million; and jobseekers from the older age cohorts are less likely to actively seek work by enquiring at workplaces and answering job advertisements.     

科技工作者满意度对主观幸福感、未来预期的影响——基于新疆兵团1 077名科技工作者的调查数据

提高科技工作者满意度、主观幸福感和对未来的预期,有助于提升科研绩效,推动科技进步和发展。基于新疆兵团科技工作者的问卷调查,借助结构方程模型（SEM）分析科技工作者满意度的影响因素及其对主观幸福感和未来预期的影响。结果表明：自我成就感和个人发展空间是科技工作者工作本身满意度的重要影响因素;学术氛围、领导重视程度和管理水平、进修培训等因素对组织环境满意度影响较大;科技工作者非常重视子女教育、社会保障等;随着年龄增大、职称提高和相对收入的增加等,科技工作者幸福感增强,但由于职业高原问题,使得他们对未来的预期降低;工作本身满意度和社会环境满意度显著正向影响科技工作者的主观幸福感;组织环境满意度和社会环境满意度显著正向影响科技工作者对未来的预期。提高科技工作者的综合满意度要注重物质和精神多方面激励,规范科研组织管理制度,加大科研投入,提高区域基础教育和社会保障。     

Revisiting wage subsidies: How pro-poor is a South African wage subsidy likely to be?

Wage subsidies have been used in both developed and developing countries to raise employment. After a decade of deliberation, the South African Government recently announced the introduction of a wage subsidy scheme. Given the intrinsic link between unemployment and poverty in South Africa, the belief is that a wage subsidy programme sufficient in scope will also make inroads into poverty. However, the way in which jobs are distributed among poor and non-poor jobseekers is crucial. Our general equilibrium microsimulation model confirms the expectation that a higher wage elasticity of labour demand is associated with larger reductions in poverty. We also find that a greater proportion of new jobs accrue to poor jobseekers when the elasticity is high. While youth-targeting does not improve the poverty-reducing effect of the policy, sectors such as textiles, accommodation, and construction services with their pro-poor employment profiles are good candidates for targeting.     

智能手机使用对老年人主观幸福感的影响

数字经济时代,智能手机已成为现代人不可或缺的工具,然而,银发人群在使用手机等智能化产品时经常面临“用机难”的问题。为研究智能手机使用对老年人主观幸福感的影响,对湖南省部分地区的老年人进行问卷调查和实地走访,提取调查数据中的幸福感相关语句,运用描述统计分析、相关分析与回归分析确定影响老人主观幸福感的因素以及幸福感评分指数。结果表明,智能手机使用对老人主观幸福感存在正向影响,不仅可以提升老年人生活质量,推动其享受时代的科技红利,还能促进积极老龄化的工作开展,实现社会全面发展。     

Unemployment and Economic Policy in Denmark in the 1930s

Abstract

The paper examines Danish unemployment and the employment policy in the 1930s. The unemployment data indicate that though the unemployment increased dramatically the rate of unemployment remained low. The official Danish unemployment records definitely underestimated the actual unemployment in the early 1930s, but the discrepancy was hardly as big as some scholars have suggested. The paper furthermore points out that the rather atypical rise in the Danish unemployment from the mid-1930s can be attributed to a rise in the natural rate of unemployment due to an improved unemployment insurance coverage and a more comprehensive registration of the unemployment. The second part of the paper deals with the Danish employment policy. Unemployment remained high on the political agenda, but the employment problem never became the main target for the economic policy. An active employment policy was constrained by the problems of the balance of payments and the political disagreements in parliament. While the macroeconomic policy did help to stabilize the economy and the employment, the number of measures directly targeting the labour market was small, and they seldom gave rise to much job creation.     

Did it pay to be a pioneer? Wealth accumulation in a newly settled frontier society

European settler colonies are often thought to have been characterised by a continued expansion of the landed frontier, which impacted the distribution of wealth across their settler populations. Hampered by a lack of data, few studies have been able to study this in depth. How does settlement timing affect wealth and wealth accumulation when frontier expansion is not a smooth, continuous process? Was it the case that pioneers reaped greater economic benefits from locating their farms on superior land, or would they be disadvantaged compared with later arrivals owing to limited infrastructure or greater risk of conflict with indigenous populations? In this paper, we use a unique dataset that allows us to analyse the link between time of arrival and wealth accumulation in a colonial agrarian frontier society: the Graaff-Reinet district in South Africa's Cape Colony between 1786 and 1850. We find that those who arrived early located their farms in the more climatologically suitable areas of the district and utilised their superior lands to accumulate wealth more quickly than latecomers. However, owing to institutional changes that favoured later British arrivals, we also show that the existence of an early-arrival premium did not mean persistence in land ownership.