Personal Taxation and Investment Incentives in a Small Open Economy

A simple portfolio model is used to investigate the effects of personal taxes on real investment incentives in a small open economy with large and small firms. When shares in large firms can be traded internationally and their rate of return is exogenously determined on international equity markets, a tax on the return on riskless bonds will induce a portfolio shift from bonds to shares in large firms. This shift reduces the impact of the bond tax on the required rate of return on shares in domestically owned small firms, provided that returns on shares in small and large firms are positively correlated. The total impact of the bond tax may even change from a negative to a counter-intuitive positive one if the “beta” between the returns on small and large firms is above unity. A personal tax on equity returns does in general have an ambiguous impact on the pre-tax rate of return requirement of domestically owned firms. An exogenous rate of return on large company shares is shown to enhance the possibility for the equity tax to reduce the required pre-tax rate of return in small domestic firms. A sufficient condition for a negative relationship is again that the “beta” between the returns in small and large firms is above unity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

人民币名义有效汇率对进口价格的传递效应研究

本文基于一个成本加成模型,实证分析了人民币名义有效汇率对进口价格的传递效应。结果表明,1995年第一季度到2007年第二季度期间,人民币名义有效汇率的进口价格传递是不完全的:汇率若升值1%,短期内进口价格下降约0.26个百分点,长期下降0.25—0.29个百分点。利用滚动回归方法发现1995至2007年期间汇率对进口价格的传递程度呈先下降后上升的趋势。进一步检验表明,人民币名义有效汇率对进口价格的传递一定程度上内生于国内通货膨胀环境,同时也可能和进口产品结构的演变有关。     

Capital Bubbles,Interest Rates,and Investment in a Small Open Economy

We model a bubble in a productive asset (capital) on an explosive path, which diverges from the fundamental equilibrium and bursts with a positive probability. When the bubble grows, the small open economy borrows from the the world economy to finance investment and production, and banks charge the risk of the bubble bursting as an interest rate spread to debtors. Consequently, the interest rate spread widens as loans are increasingly backed by the bubble. When the bubble bursts, defaults cause a sudden stop of credit inflow from the world economy, investment falls, and the interest rate spread vanishes.     

Decomposing Labor Share Movements in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Korea

Small open economies import substantial amounts of materials from abroad, the prices of which are determined in international markets. This paper presents a theoretical model that shows the potential determinants of the labor share in such economies, and, as a case study, decomposes labor share movements in Korea using a structural VAR. The VAR estimates the effect of materials price changes on the labor share as well as the effect of other potential factors. It is found that a rise in materials prices lowers the labor share; the short-run contribution of materials price fluctuations to labor share movements can be quite large whereas their long-run contribution is modest.     

Economic Policy and the Great Depression in a Small Open Economy

We use a standard New Keynesian model of a small open economy, extended to include a government sector, to investigate the Great Depression in Australia. A calibrated model with a fixed exchange rate regime, similar to the gold standard, does well in replicating the dynamics of output during the interwar period. We then ask to what extent shocks to the economy would have been moderated by adopting modern‐day policies. We find that if policymakers had adopted a flexible exchange rate with a Taylor rule policy that output fluctuations during the Great Depression would have been moderated by up to 25%. Changes in government fiscal policy would also have moderated output fluctuations, but by a slightly smaller amount. Overall, we find that improved policy could have reduced output fluctuations by almost 50%.     

人民币汇率对进口商品价格传递效应的行业测度

运用2005年1月至2010年6月的月度数据,对人民币汇率在不同行业进口价格传递效应的大小进行了测算,结果表明产品可替代性越高的行业其汇率的进口价格传递效应也相应越强,反之则反是。基于上述结论,进一步分析了人民币汇率变动对中国产业结构调整的影响,认为人民币的自由浮动有利于产业结构的优化调整。     

贸易保护对汇率的影响——基于资本流动性及汇率收敛视角

对资本开放程度及汇率收敛度进行分类的框架下,考察贸易保护对汇率的影响。研究发现：在不同分类的国家,同样提升关税,对名义汇率的影响不尽相同;在汇率收敛的国家,提升关税会伴随资本控制程度降低而会导致名义汇率升值;在汇率不收敛情况下,提升关税会伴随资本控制程度降低而导致名义汇率贬值;从升值角度向绝对收敛状态转移时,低资本控制度及汇率收敛使汇率收敛度越接近于绝对收敛,在关税上升情况下会加剧名义汇率升值。使用动态系统GMM模型对66个国家2000-2014年样本数据进行实证分析,有力支撑了理论分析的结果。同时,对非关税措施进行实证分析,得出一般情况下贸易保护政策的确会造成汇率的升值,该结果在一般情况下是稳健的。     

Regional Effects of Exchange Rate Fluctuations

We exploit differences across U.S. states' exposure to trade to study the effects of changes in the exchange rate on economic activity. Across states, trade-weighted exchange rate depreciations are associated with increased state exports, reduced state unemployment, and higher state hours worked. The effects are particularly strong during periods of economic slack. A multiregion model with interstate trade and labor flows, calibrated to match state-level trade data and migration flows, replicates the empirical relationship between exchange rates and unemployment. The high degree of interstate trade plays an important role in transmitting shocks across states in the first year, whereas interstate migration shapes cross-sectional patterns in later years. We use the model to study the regional effects of tariffs in the United States. The model suggests that a 25% Chinese import tariff on U.S. goods would be felt throughout the United States, even in states with small direct linkages to China, raising unemployment rates by 0.2 to 0.7 percentage points in the short run.     

Incomplete Exchange Rate Pass-Through: Evidence from Exchange Rate Reform in China

Exchange rate disconnect is one of the central puzzles in international macroeconomics. Recently, there is a growing literature that studies the microeconomic foundations or mechanisms for incomplete exchange rate pass-through. However, the estimations of the exchange rate pass-through vary widely in the existing literature. Our article proposes the use of a policy-based instrumental variable for exchange rate, exploiting the exchange rate reform in China, and finds that 67% of exchange rate pass-through into the FOB export price of Chinese exports. This contrasts to the almost full exchange rate pass-through using OLS estimation. We further find that the export price of homogeneous goods, low-technology goods, and goods supplied by domestic non-SOEs is more sensitive to exchange rate changes.     

The Impact of Exchange Rate on Firm Performance: Evidence from Korean Firms

This article analyzes the role of exchange rate in explaining firm investment between 2006 and 2014, considering both export and import channels as possible factors along with other firm-level characteristics based on the Census on Establishments. Using the detailed information on exports and imports from the data, we are able to capture the cost and revenue channel more precisely compared to the previous existing literature. The empirical analysis shows that the export channel appears to be insignificant as opposed to conventional wisdom. However, the import channel is significant and shows that currency appreciation may not necessarily decrease a firm’s investment level.     

人民币汇率与世界经济平衡分析

金融危机后,世界经济再平衡成为世界各国关注的问题,近来美国把中美贸易失衡归咎于中国汇率低估,使得人民币升值则成为世界经济的焦点问题。本文分析认为单纯依靠人民币汇率升值并不能改善美中贸易逆差,达到世界经济再平衡的目标,反而会给世界经济的复苏进程造成负面影响,并且不利于低收入国家的经济发展。全球经济再平衡需要各国调整产业、储蓄、消费等经济结构。     

Uncovered Interest Parity,Forward Guidance and the Exchange Rate

Under uncovered interest parity (UIP), the size of the effect on the real exchange rate of an anticipated change in real interest rate differentials is invariant to the horizon at which the change is expected. Empirical evidence using U.S., euro area and UK data points to a substantial deviation from that invariance prediction: expectations of interest rate differentials in the near (distant) future are shown to have much larger (smaller) effects on the real exchange rate than is implied by UIP. Some possible explanations are discussed.     

外汇管理部门支持宁夏涉外经济的思考

调查发现,宁夏涉外经济发展中存在的困难和问题是：总量太小,结构失衡;缺少大型国际生产出口企业,资源依赖性强;国际市场复杂性增大,国内竞争加剧。因此,外汇管理部门应积极参与重点领域改革,支持涉外企业加快发展;加快外汇市场发展,支持开展跨境贸易人民币结算试点;扎实落实进口核销改革政策,支持能源及原材料进口,改善宁夏贸易进出口结构。     

不同目标制下的中国最优货币政策分析

在更灵活的汇率制度下,中国货币政策会对经济产生什么影响？通过建立一个统一的开放宏观经济模型,发现如果中央银行要实现开放经济下不同目标制的最优货币政策,浮动汇率制成为稳定国内经济,有效应对国内外冲击与实施独立和内向型货币政策的最优选择。     

人民币实际汇率波动的价格传递效应研究——基于贸易收支的视角

自2005年汇率制度改革以来,人民币汇率发生了深刻的变化。文章使用2005年-2013年间的月度数据,通过建立计量模型,以人民币实际有效汇率和实际收入水平为解释变量,进出口贸易额为被解释变量,实证分析了人民币汇率变动对我国贸易收支的影响。研究结果表明,人民币汇率变动与进出口贸易额和实际收入水平具有长期的协整关系,而且人民币实际有效汇率对进出口贸易额的影响只存在统计上的单项因果关系。     

开放条件下利率、汇率联动与金融风险防范研究——以我国上市商业银行为例

随着我国金融开放程度的加深,人民币汇率与利率的联动关系将进一步加强,这种联动关系既是开放经济条件下的自我平衡机制,也可能成为金融风险传递和积累的通道.本文通过suR方法,分析利率、汇率变动对上市银行的影响,进而探讨利率、汇率联动与金融风险的关系.     

Evolving Macroeconomic Dynamics in a Small Open Economy: An Estimated Markov Switching DSGE Model for the UK

This paper investigates the possibility of shifts in the UK economy using a Markov switching open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. We find overwhelming evidence to reject the hypothesis that the deep structural parameters of the underlying structural model had stayed constant throughout the sample period and there is significant changes to the volatility of the structural shocks. Counterfactual experiments based on the model with the best empirical fit indicate that the change in the policy rule as well as changes to the volatility of the structural shocks over the sample period are crucial features in explaining UK’s macroeconomic performance.     

跨境贸易人民币结算量与货币供应量、汇率波动互动关系

通过构建向量自回归模型（VAR）的方法,对我国跨境贸易人民币结算波动、进出口贸易总额波动、汇率波动之间的动态关系进行研究,试图揭示其三者之间存在的相互关系。研究结果显示：货币供应量波动、汇率波动于跨境贸易人民币结算量波动之间存在长期稳定均衡关系。长期内,汇率波动对跨境贸易人民币结算量波动具有正向促进作用;货币供应量波动对其具有反向促进作用。格兰杰因果关系显示跨境贸易人民币结算量波动是汇率波动的单向Granger原因,同时也是货币供应量波动单向Granger原因;汇率波动在是货币供应量波动的单向Granger原因。脉冲响应函数结果显示：跨境贸易人民币结算量波动对来自其自身冲击的响应在三种变量冲击中最为明显;货币供应量对来自其自身及其他变量的脉冲均有较为明显的响应;汇率对来自其自身冲击的响应在三种变量冲击中最为明显。     

人民币汇率的中长期走势

近期人民币汇率贬值幅度较大,引起市场广泛关注。作为基本的宏观价格变量,汇率牵一发而动全身,不仅影响宏观经济走势,还通过国内外商品比价的变化影响经济结构。本文分析了人民币汇率变动原因及人民币贬值对经济的影响,估计了汇率的中长期走势。     

Equity Returns and Business Cycles in Small Open Economies

This is the first paper in the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium literature to match key business cycle moments and long‐run equity returns in a small open economy with production. These results are achieved by introducing four modifications to a standard real business cycle model: (i) borrowing and lending costs are imposed to increase the volatility of the marginal rate of substitution over time, (ii) capital adjustment costs are assumed to make equity returns more volatile, (iii) GHH preferences are employed to smooth consumption, and (iv) a working capital constraint to generate countercyclical trade balances. Our results are based on data from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.